Catatonic Depression

Introduction Major depressive disorder is a mental ailment in which the victim exhibits an extreme mood, low self regard as well as loss of concern in activities that are usually considered to be pleasurable. Catatonic (depression) is a major type of depression that is exemplified by relentless motor function disturbances. It is nonetheless not viewed as a disconnect disorder but usually linked with other psychiatric conditions, such as, drug abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Catatonic Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is caused by cognitions and environmental factors. The major cause of catatonic depression is negativity of a person or in the way he or she perceives different aspects of life. It is a disposition disorder and has an effect on an individual’s life, for example, the person’s health. It may even lead to suicide. This paper examines the causes, symptoms, preve ntion, treatment and various arguments in relation to Catatonic depression. Literature Review Dhossche (2006) asserts that catatonic syndrome is characterized by coexistence of psychiatric symptoms and motor symptoms. There is an association of catatonia with depression, alcoholism, syphilis and epilepsy. Catatonic signs can appear in a variety of disorders and it is not therefore purely a psychiatric condition associated with schizophrenia as it was earlier believed. The identification of major depressive ailment is dependent on the self-reported occurrences from the patient himself/herself, demeanors accounted by acquaintances or family members, and a mental status test. Nevertheless, there is no (laboratory) examination for the disorder (major depression). Therapeutic practitioners in general call for examinations for (physical) conditions that may result in similar indications so as to establish the outcomes and degree of the major depression. According to Gelder, Mayou and Gedd es (2005), a depressive ailment may result in dawdling recovery of the sick individual and may impinge on or deteriorate the victim’s physical health if it is not noticed at some point in the early phases. Beck and Alford (2009) asserts that in the class of disposition disorders, catatonic indicators are normally linked to bipolar I ailment which is a disposition disorder concerning depressive and mania phases. Signs and symptoms of catatonic exhilaration, for instance, unsystematic movement not linked to the surroundings or replication of phrases, words, and movements may take place for the period of manic stage. The authentic catatonic indicators are unfeasible to make a distinction from those witnessed in catatonic (schizophrenia). The catatonic symptoms may also appear in combination with other mood disorders, including bipolar II disorder, mixed disorders and major depressive disorders.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of Catatonic depression Catatonic depression is mainly caused by problems in production of neurotransmitters within the brain. These are substances that carry out impulses beside a nerve (from one nerve unit to the other). Serotonins (as well as norepinephrine) are believed to be the most essential neuro-transmitters that are linked to depression. Other causes include psycho-social, genetic among other factors. Psychological causes This involves different aspects of personality, where there is negativity in ones way of life, there is a tendency to develop depression since ones emotions are affected in a negative way. This is caused by the inability of an individual to cope with situations and low self esteem. A person may develop depression due to ealy relationships with the parents or caretakers for example during infant stage for example loss of a parent or mistreatment and rejection of the child. Social causes Social factors like poverty can cause mental disorders one of them being depression. Child abuse which may be physical, emotional or sexual can cause depression later in life as the child live to remember the ordeal many years after its occurrence. This is built on the argument that it is during the childhood days that a person’s develops and learns how to be a social being. Any ill-treatment may disfigure a child’s character development and afterward lead to depression and other intellectual and expressive disorders. Some kinds of long-term drug use or over-use of drugs and alcohol can also cause depression or worsen depressive conditions. Evolutionary causes Major depression is associated with causing an increased individual reproductive fitness. Depression may be hereditary where the depression disorders may be passed genetically. This is linked to some species and the manner in which they adapt to various stimuli especially those who perceive things in a negative manner. Signs of Catatonic dejection The most discrete indications are; motor immobility, intense negativism and denial to speak, replication of other individuals terms and deeds as well as eccentric movements. Mainly, people with catatonic depression remain motionless and may remain in a position in which they have been placed for a long time, unnecessary activity that is performed without a specific reason, feelings of worthlessness, unnecessary guilt and regret, helplessness, hopelessness, self-hatred, poor concentration and memory, withdrawal from social situations and activities, reduced sexual desires, and thoughts of suicide. Catatonic depression patients may be stigmatized (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Catatonic Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prevention of Catatonic depression Although there is no one major preventive measure for depressive disord ers, the recommended way to prevent Catatonic depression is through Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy. The therapy works by breaking a person’s negative perceptions about him or herself, the world, and their general view of different aspects of life. Catatonic (depression) Treatment Preliminary treatment is intended at mitigating the victim from the catatonic situation. The commonly used form of treatment is the use of antidepressants medication. Electroconvulsive remedy is also an effectual treatment for catatonia and its associated causes, for instance, depression. It has a more rapidly effect than anti-depressant (therapy) and hence it is suggested for urgent situations for example where one is refusing to take meals. Care should be taken in the provision of the medication since wrong use can worsen the situation. When first line treatment fails, other means are used, for example amantadine which may lead to tolerance when its use is prolonged hence causing psycho sis. Memantine is another alternative and is ideal for persons who can not put up with amantadine for the reason that it has decreased frequencies of psychosis. Hospitalization is necessary for people who posses signs of being violent and the ability to harm themselves or others. Counseling is also essential to the patients as it helps them change their negative attitude towards life and value themselves. It helps the patients to raise their self- esteem and learn to live positively hence avoiding stress. Psychotherapy is very useful especially to older people and should be offered in conjunction with medication since it minimizes the chances of the disorder becoming recurrent. Physical exercise is also crucial in clearing moderate depressive disorders since it keeps the mind occupied and the body fit (Martin, Volkar and Lewis, 2007) It is believed that depressed individuals usually have shorter life expectancies than those without depression. This is because of greater vulnerabilit y to medical illnesses that lead to deterioration a person’s of health and also cases of suicide. Deficiency in societal support, for example, from the close family members may result in stress and strain, which is the commonly reported reason for depression. There are some speculations by the American Psychiatric Association(2000) that states that exposure to ultra-violet light reduces the chances of getting depressive disorders. 30 minutes of vigorous exercise three times a week also reduce the vulnerability of being a victim of depressive disorders.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mainly employed treatments (for depression) are medication, psychiatric therapy, and electroconvulsive (therapy). Psychotherapy is the treatment moist suitable for people under the age of 18years while electroconvulsive therapy is only used where other treatments can not work because of one reason or another. Care and treatment of depression is mainly done outside the hospital unless for cases where the patients are violent and have signs of causing harm to themselves or to others. It is nevertheless hard to get excellent cure of depression in third world nations due to limited competent personnel as well as medication facilities. Conclusion Major depressive disorder is inclusive of various kinds of disorders each with its causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment. However most disorders share most of the symptoms and characteristics and it is therefore difficult to directly identify a disorder. It is advisable to take preventive measures to ensure that a person does not suffer from these disorders and if the disorder occurs the patient should seek medication early enough to avoid worse effects. Reference List American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition, text revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Beck, T. A., Alford B.A. (2009). Depression: Causes and Treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Dhossche, M.D. (2006). Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders. San Diego: Academic Press Gelder, M.G., Mayou, R., Geddes, J. (2005). Psychiatry. 3rd ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Martin, A., Volkar, A.F and Lewis, M. (2007). Lewis’s child and adolescent psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. 4th ed. New York: Williams Wilkins publishers. This research paper on Catatonic Depression was written and submitted by user Romeo Baker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay about final exam study guide

Essay about final exam study guide Essay about final exam study guide ACC/291 - Final Exam Study Guide Created by ACCNerd.com How to Use this Study Guide – READ ME FIRST The following study guide will NOT have the same exact questions on your test! However, this study guide WILL help you ace the Final Exam. The guide covers the same topics and will help you gain a deeper understanding of the concepts. Best of all, you are still guaranteed a score of 90% or higher or your money back! Tip #1: Use CRTL+F to search a related keyword to quickly find the topic you need. Tip #2: If a topic is missing, please email us at support@accnerd.com. We can usually provide immediate custom support during normal business hours. 1. Ordinary repairs are expenses to keep a plant asset functioning properly: Revenue expenditures Explanation: Revenue expenditure is an ongoing cost to maintain the operational efficiency of an asset. 2. Percentage of receivables method: Estimated uncollectible accounts = $15,000. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $3,000 What is the amount of bad debts expense? $12,000 Explanation: This entry simply requires you to subtract 3,000 from the 15,000 in estimated uncollectable accounts. 3. What is true about intangible assets? They should be reported with a separate classification on the balance sheet Explanation: Intangible assets should be organized into its own distinct group on the balance sheet. 4. Intangible assets are the rights and privileges from assets with which characteristic? They do not have physical substance Explanation: Intangible assets are things like copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and software code. 5. What is the book value of an asset? The asset’s cost less its accumulated depreciation Explanation: Book value is its value on paper, but does not accurately reflect the true market value. 6. Gains experienced on the sale of plant assets should: Be recognized immediately Explanation: If a company sells an asset for a capital gain, it will need to immediately report this gain on the books. 7. Percentage of sales method for recording bad debts expense. Cash sales = $300,000. Credit sales = $1,200,000. 1% = sales percentage estimated by management. Enter the correct adjusting entry: Bad Debts Expense - $12,000 Allowances for Doubtful Accounts - $12,000 Explanation: Debit bad debts expense, credit allowance for doubtful accounts. 8. Costs to improve the operating efficiency or extend the life of a plant asset are commonly called? Capital expenditures Explanation: If you add a new arm to your robot machine to increase productivity, you have made a capital expenditure. 9. What happens to the notes payable account when an interest-bearing note matures? It will be less than the total amount repaid by the borrower Explanation: The account will not take into account all of the interest that has been paid, as this is called interest income or revenue. 10. How much interest is charged on a $200,000 note payable with an annual rate of 6%, after 2 months. $2,000 Explanation: (200,000 x 0.06) / 6 = $2,000 11. A large company issues $3,000,000 in bonds that pay 10% annual interest, what is the annual net cash cost of this borrowing if the income tax rate is 30%? $210,000 Explanation: 3,000,000 x 0.1 = 300,0000 300,000 x 0.3 = 90,000 300,000 – 90,000 = $210,000 12. A company created a four-year interest-bearing note payable for $300,000 on January 1, 2012. Each January the company is required to pay $75,000 on the note. How will this note be reported on the December 31, 2013 balance sheet? Long-term debt, $150,000; Long-term debt due within one year, $75,000.Explanation: Long term debt due within one year must be reported separately on the balance sheet according to GAAP rules. 13. A company has created a $600,000, 10%, 5-year bonds on January 1, 2012 for 648,666, which reflects an effective-interest rate of 8%. Interest is paid semiannually on January 1 and July 1. If the corporation

Quality and Reliability Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Quality and Reliability Management - Assignment Example This essay discusses that the Six Sigma method functions very well within health care processes. Six Sigma ventures within health care industry concentrate on delivery of direct care, managerial sustenance and monetary supervision. Six Sigma ventures can be carried out within the following health care procedures. †¢ Raising competence in X-ray room †¢ Decreasing turnaround period in arranging medicinal information †¢ Recuperating patient approval on ER †¢ Dropping bottle necks in emergency unit †¢ Dropping cycle time within a number of in-patient as well as out-patient investigative divisions †¢ Decreasing the amount of medicinal inaccuracies and for this reason improving patient security †¢ Boosting the precision of lab results †¢ Raising the precision of billing procedures and, as a result, decreasing the quantity of billing blunders †¢ Enhancing bed accessibility across a number of divisions within hospitals †¢ Decreasing the amount of post-operative injury issues as well as associated injuries †¢ Enhancing surgical competence †¢ Decreasing duration of stay in ER †¢ Decreasing inventory levels †¢ Enhancing patient list precision Critical success factors have a vital part in the execution of Six Sigma ventures in the health care industry. The heads in health care industry must think about the use of Six Sigma from the perception of recuperating the value as well as potential of existing procedures as well as the capacity of procedures to carry patient care along with security (Frings & Grant, 2005, p. 315). Using Six Sigma within a health care division is not simple, and if top executives are not involved, it is â€Å"almost certainly a formula for failure† (Anthony, 1995, p. 240). The use of Six Sigma must start with a broad outline of Six Sigma company policy for the top executive group, guaranteeing buy-in as well as dedication for the execution. Six Sigma venture supporters in charge for recognizing and controlling ventures should be cautiously selected. The choice of correct individuals is significant for the implementation of Six Sigma ventures. Once the Six Sigma infrastructure is classified with the assistance of a Six Sigma specialist with sufficient knowledge from service sector, guidance may start. The venture supporters should collect a fine summary of Six Sigma basics in addition to the abilities necessary for venture selection, project prioritisation, and venture scoping as well as project implementation. Possible Six Sigma ventures in a healthcare setting may link to functional procedures for instance, billing or workflow or they may entail medical process such as prescription management (Taner et al, 1988, p. 331). There are quite a lot of obstacles occurring in the way of health care sector for concern before the execution and exploitation of Six Sigma

Introductory certificate in marketing- Understanding customer Case Study

Introductory certificate in marketing- Understanding customer relationship - Case Study Example Hence, they need to be involved in the PR event so that they understand the organization’s message towards the customer. Communities: The local communities always try to raise issues regarding the presence of organization in their area and environment. Hence, they need to be convinced that the organization is making all the possible efforts to conserve the environment. Government regulators: The counsels of the government do not work in tandem with each other by behaving in a haphazard manner. The government regulators usually create more pain to the private organizations in the name of environmental issues making it imperative to be convince about the organization’s zeal towards a greener tomorrow so that they respond proactively. The most suitable method for administering the questionnaire is to collect the email ids of all the stake holders present at the PR event and then mail the questionnaire to their mail ids. During the event, the invitees should be informed about the idea of sending the questionnaire through mail and the organization should make a formal request to the invitees to answer the questionnaire. An explanation regarding the purpose, the subject matter and the expected responses from the invitees should be outlined so that the people who answer the questionnaire do it in the expected lines. While PR event, the invitees should be convinced that this survey is for genuine purposes and the identity of the stakeholders who answer the questionnaire is never at stake. This will boost the confidence of the stakeholders and they will answer the questionnaire in an honest way. As you know, our organization has always been in the balancing of different stakeholder’s views to win their trust. The organization has been organizing PR events like the one which just ended a few days before. For all this process to run successfully, it is imperative that the board and the staff understand the stakeholder views. By going through these

Carriage of goods by sea under Charter Party Case Study

Carriage of goods by sea under Charter Party - Case Study Example The ship owner is also liable for the ship's under capacity and lower-speed than declared to TD. On the other hand the charterer TD is liable to the shippers for the damage caused by fire to the cargo of Smart Clothing which he can claim from the Ship Owner. This could be possibly circumvented by having the shippers' insurance claim settled and ultimately transfer the liability to the Ship owner. The sub-charterer BV similarly can have the insurance claim of V for damage to cargo while loading and ultimately have the liability transferred to ship owner through TD the main charterer. And the parties who want to initiate claim against the owner, may do so by invoking arbitration as envisaged by the Charter party agreement in clause 21. This case relates to rights and liabilities of parties under the contract of charter party for carriage of goods by sea. The six parties involved are 1)Charterer (Timely Delivery hereafter 'TD', 2)Owner of ship 'The Bulky Whirlwind' (Owners Co) hereafter 'O', 3)Cargo Co, hereafter 'C', 4) Voyage SARL, hereafter 'BV' 5)Vignoble SARl, hereafter 'V', and 6) Smart Clothing Co, hereafter 'SC'. As against the ship's declared carrying capacity of 12,000 TEU and speed capability of 23 knots, 2000 TEU are occupied by articles of ship's own essential use and speed is short of 3-7 knots. Ship's master refuses to take the shorter and direct route and also to pick up cargo located in the shorter route ordered by TD.for safety reasons. The crew member's careless smoking damages a cargo valued $ 300 000 by fire for which there was no safety trained staff for fire fighting. Due to arrest of the ship, 10 days are lost by stay at the port of Southampton. It is noted Box No 35 in form of Charter party is left blank. The relevant box relates to applicable Law and Arbitration. The form provides that if the box is not filled in, sub clause (a) of condition no 21 of Charter parry form shall apply. The relevant condition is reproduced below.1 Charter party is contract between the owner of a ship and a hirer of the ship for using it to transport usually cargo. Even though the hirer is using the ship, the ship-owner exercises control over it for the navigation and management while the carrying capacity is in the discretion of the hirer known as charterer. Four types of chartering in vogue are voyage charter, time charter, bareboat charter and lump-sum contract. 2 "A time charter is another common form of agreement, with the owner of the ship operating his ship as instructed by the charterer between certain agreed dates for an agreed daily or monthly rate. During this period, it will be the charterer who will pay for the running costs of the ship such as the fuel and insurance. An analogy would be a contract to hire a car".3 A cursory glance at the conditions set out in the Charter party form reveals Master failure to carry out Chatterer's instruction to take Suez route amounts to violation of condition no 7 ( c )4 of the Charter Party. And damage due to Owner's servant's smoking inside attracts condition no 18(iii) (3)5 The Charterer is also entitled to 10 days off-hire for the arrest of the vessel due to C's claim for O's default in a previous charter attracting Hague-Visby rules and far having lost time (to be estimated) due to longer route as per condition

Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on Women

Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on Women The Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on  Life of Women Contents 1Introduction 2Literature Review 2.1Need for Equal Pay Act and its Impact 2.2Problems faced by Women 3Conclusion 4References Abstract This research is a review for some studies which are focused to highlight discrimination in payment between male and female members. The studies present the data collection methods such as surveys and interviews. All the studies showed that the discrimination in payment against women still exists, but there is a significant decline in the gender wage gap particularly because of the increasing awareness and enforcement of Gender Equity Act. The studies showed that the women recently have gained more experience and higher education which declined racial discrimination against the women. The studies also noted that the women have the right to get equal pay like that of men. Similarly women deserve to have the same employment opportunities as of men. 1 Introduction The equal pay act was signed on the 10th of June 1963 by the President John F. Kennedy (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2014). The enactments of this act were to support and amend the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. This Act gave attention to unfair practices in paying low wages to female employees than males for the same job. John F. Kennedy highlighted the importance of the Equal Pay Act as â€Å"While much remains to be done to achieve full equality of economic opportunity for the average woman worker earns only 60 percent of the average wage for men this legislation is a significant step forward† (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 1963). Kelly Jeanetta, founder of Kelly A. Jeanetta Law Firm LLC, said that the women are still getting only seventy percent of total wages earned by men for the same jobs. She further argues that due to unexamined biases and favoritism systems men are getting higher wages than women which has negatively affected the lives of women (Jeanetta, 2013). The goal of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was to achieve equality in wages paid to both men and women at workplace. Furthermore the Act was approved keeping in consideration the objective to prevent the discrimination and biasness in jobs and pays in the private sector. Previously a negative notion existed stating that men should get more wages than women if they are on the same job and have same responsibilities. However this shows the obvious discrimination in disbursement to men and women. Jeanetta (2013) further pointed out the law that was enacted in Minnesota in 1969 about Equal Pay for Equal Work, which prohibits employers to discriminate between employees in paying who are doing the same work, the same effort and the same efficiency. This law is a good model to reduce the difference in wage payment between man and woman, and the employer who pays wages on the basis of sex difference is a violation of the law of equality in pay. However to fully implement the rules and regulations of this Act, continuous work is required to be done. Government and NGOs must step ahead to ensure that wages are paid equally to both sexes. The aim of this research is to understand the need for Equal Pay Act and the improvements in the gender wage discrimination during the course of history. Furthermore the paper attempts to find if discrimination exists in disbursement of wages to men and women. Also the research aims to highlight major problems faced by the women with the low wages than their counterparts. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Need for Equal Pay Act and its Impact The basis of Equal Pay Act was to eradicate the discrimination of wage between men and women during the course of their job. Several researches have been conducted to analyze the importance of Equal Pay Act and improvement in the wage distribution as a result of the increased enforcement of the law. Suh (2009) investigated determinants and characteristics of changes in the gender wage gap in the United States of America between 1989 and 2005. The study found that the wage gap between men and women reduced during the study period, from seventy four percent to more than eighty percent. The results of this study show that women tried to close the wage gap by education, working hours and increased experience. This study also concluded that decreasing gender gap is also the result of diminishing level of wage discrimination in the labor market. Although with the passage of time the improvement in the wage gap between men and women occurred, still the distribution is far from equality. Regarding the economic impact on lives of the women due to low wages, the study shows that certainly the economic condition of women was improved as human capital development became the reason for better wages. According to Neumark decomposition the majority of increasing discrimination is because of the increase of influence of men in the workplace (Neumark, 1988). Jake Rosenfeld and Meredith Kleykamp (2012) used the current population survey between 1973 and 2007 to find out the impact of African-Americans to reduce the wage gap in the private sector, and how African-Americans worked with unions to protect themselves from discrimination in the private sector. The survey showed that wage gaps between women, black-white are thirteen to thirty percent lower. The study showed that the important role played by Union to reduce racial inequality (Rosenfeld Kleykamp, 2012). Patrick Mason (2011) presented the paper which studied the changes in the concept of ethnic Americans during the post-Jim Crow era, the study included American families between 1965 and 2006, and the differences between the U.S. region, especially the South. The study noted that men and women regardless of their racial difference, have different opportunities in society and the market and likewise the remuneration also differentiates (Mason, 2011). The study also showed that Oaxaca-Ransom decompositions found there is a big reduction in payment discrimination against African Americans especially for those between the ages of 50 and 59, women are more practice racial equality faster than men. The study also showed that the reduction in the Southern racial disparity is reason for the national improvement among men (Mason, 2011). According to a study carried out by both of Rafael Lalive and Alois Stutzer (2009), women get paid lesser than men for the same work, and the level of their satisfaction with their jobs are lower than men. But the study showed that the wage discrimination against women has decreased significantly, and thats because the high awareness of the act of equal pay between men and women, in addition to experience factor which the women have from the labor market. The reduction in the gap occurred during 1970s due to immediate attention toward the wage discrimination after the resolution of Equal Pay Act. Increase in jobs opportunities in the U.S. labor market occurred during this period because of higher qualification of women. Many European countries have evolved towards decentralization and to determine the minimum wage, which address the problem of the wage gap gender. â€Å"In several European countries the gender pay gap has a low profile both in the public debate and in the policy agenda. Summarizing, one of the main problems is that there is no real owner of the problem, as nobody really feels responsible for closing the gender pay gap. Organizing political support for closing the gap seems to be an important challenge for the near future.† (O’Dorchai, 2008). Liqin Zhang and Xiao-Yuan Dong (2008) used the data from Chinese company to analyze the wage discrimination between male and female in China’s industry. The results of the study showed that there is a relation between low wages for women, and weak production for female workers compared with male workers. The result of this study showed that the women who worked in the public sector get wages equal to the men, but the women who worked in the private sector more like to discrimination in wage. The study noted that the Chinese woman status in the deterioration because of discrimination against them from employers in the private sector, in addition to the failure of the public sector to the protection of women, and failure to impose policies and laws against discrimination in wages. â€Å"In the service sector, women do not encounter gender wage discrimination in state-owned enterprises but do suffer from discrimination in private-owned enterprises. The public sector pays more attention to advocating gender equality while managers of private enterprises have more discretionary power to act out their prejudice against women in wage-setting and employment policies†( Zhang and Dong, 2008). A group of researcher: Ariane Hegewisch, Hannah Liepmann, Jeffrey Hayes, and Heidi Hartmann (2010), they presented a paper to prove the existence of discriminatory wage between the gender by analysis of occupational data during the 1970 and 1980s, and the study noted that can be seen from the occupations that does not require high levels of education, and the jobs which required especial degree. 2.2 Problems faced by Women Discrimination in the pay between men and women is no doubt troublesome for a large population of US workforce, mainly consisting of women. Glynn (2012) says that 50% of all workers of U.S. payrolls are women and majority of them are single mothers working outside their homes. In order to support their families the single mothers and other women are required to have adequate payments. Furthermore gender pay gaps and the discrimination hinder the women to progress up to the top level management positions in the organizations. Even if female workers are qualified and experienced they are paid lesser than their male counterparts. Apart from the single or married women the female workers who are unmarried are also getting lower wages. Recently graduated female staff members are usually paid less than other female staff. Organizations on the other hand save a big chunk of their income by paying less to the female workers. The study noted that the European women are suffering from difficulty in earning with low wages and the discriminatory practices from employers. The study suggested to impose a three polices to protect woman from discrimination at work, first equal pay policies, the legal frame is not the problem, but the problem is enforcement of this policy, second wage policies and third equal opportunities policy. Women are also paid less because they are considered to be best suited for pink collar jobs which offer lesser benefits than other white collar jobs. Furthermore position of women in white collar jobs which demand effective decision making skills is very limited. Few organizations offer top management positions for the women. According to Boushey, Arons, and Smith, among the 19 million families in USA women are the main breadwinner for their families, which makes the women bear the brunt of keeping their jobs and take care of family. Whereas the man is more prone to lose his job, which means that millions of families now rely on a woman’s job to make ends meet. This shows that women’s jobs are more critical for their families than men (Boushey, Arons, and Smith, 2010) and getting paid lesser is no doubt extreme level of discrimination. Nowadays the American parents working very hard to take care of their kids and cover their bills, and women try to find a good job with a good payment to help her family to cover the requirements of family life. So, the discrimination in wage could have a negative impact not only on her life, but also on her family life, â€Å"Nearly two-thirds of mothers are either the breadwinner for their family or share that responsibility with a partner. Women’s earnings therefore are vital to their families’ economic well-being† (Glynn, 2012). 3 Conclusion Previous researches and articles included in the research helped to analyze the facts and figures of the discrimination. Furthermore study of the Equal Pay Act shows how payment discrimination was reduced and more awareness is spread about its implementation. Equal Pay Act helped to reduce the unfairness in the wage disbursement to both men and women. From the studies we can see the reduction in racial discrimination in wages, especially against women. And thats because the increase awareness of the Equal Pay Act. The studies showed that The United States and European Union countries are more pursuant to the Equal Wages Act than Eastern European countries and China. The studies also confirm the importance of supporting of the Equality Act, and make it effective in order to protect women from discrimination and give women the right to equal employment opportunities. The study showed major problems faced by the women when they are paid lesser than their counterpart male workers. As statistics show that women share major portion of US workforce the discrimination of pay has negative impact on their economic condition. Furthermore single, married and single moms face trouble as they are main contributors in the family. Considering the economic and social problems faced by the women due to discrimination in the wages, the need for a strongly established law is obvious. Federal agencies need to play vital role in the establishment and implementation of equal pay system to both sexes. This research can also be extended further to see why organizations do not appoint women in top managerial positions. 4 References Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S. (2008). Workforce Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: Is â€Å"Women’s† Work Valued as Highly as â€Å"Men’s†?1. ournal of Applied Social Psychology, 1-6. Bacolod, M. P., Blum, B. (2010). Two Sides of the Same Coin U.S. Residual Inequality and the Gender Gap. Journal of Human Resources, 198-242. Glynn, S. J. (2012, August 16). Fact Sheet: The wage Gap for Women. Retrieved from American Progress Organization: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/news/2012/08/16/12029/fact-sheet-the-wage-gap-for-women/ Hegewisch, A., Liepmann, H., Hayes, J., Hartmann, H. (2010). Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap. INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN’S POLICY RESEARCH. Jain, T. (2008). Equal Pay for Equal Work . ICFAI Journal of Employment Law, 1-27. Jeanetta, K. A. (2013). Equal Pay for Equal Work. The Hennepin Lawyer. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. (1963, June 10). Remarks on signing Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-001.aspx Mason, P. L. (2011). Moments of Disparate Peaks: Race-Gender Wage Gaps Among Mature Persons, 1965–2007. Rev Black Polit Econ, 1-25. Neumark, D. (1988). Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination . The Journal of Human Resources, 279-295. O’DORCHAI, S. (2008). DOWOMEN GAIN OR LOSE FROM BECOMING MOTHERS? A COMPARATIVEWAGEANALYSIS IN 25 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Brussels Economic Review, 1-7. Rosenfeld, J., Kleykamp, M. (2012). Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 1460–1502. Stutzer, A., Lalive, R. (2004). APPROVAL OF EQUAL RIGHTS AND GENDER . Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft. Suh, J. (2009). Decomposition of the Change in the Gender Wage Gap. Research in Business and Economics Journal , 1-18. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2014). The Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm Zhang, L., Dong, X.-Y. (2008). Male-female wage discrimination in Chinase industry . Economics of Transition, 85-112.

Herberts Metaphysical Poems Essay -- Herbert Metaphysical Poems Essay

Herbert's Metaphysical Poems In the first portion of The Temple, specifically Perirrhanterium, Herbert prescribes the didactics necessary for the instruction of the catechumen in a simple, straightforward manner. As the reader moves into the main section of The Church, the author’s poetic wit becomes more complex in both its style and depth of topic. Although the starkness of the messages in Herbert’s metaphysical poems is not as palpable as those of the Church Porch, their ability to teach both abstractly and visually affords them a didactic nature much like the parables of Christ. In basic parabolic structure, the speaker conveys a heavenly message through the simpler and more easily digestible use of an earthly comparison, such as the parable of the sower in Matthew 13, which compares the productivity of seeds to the growth of Christians. Christ presents a divine truth in the basic analogy of a parable, as the OED describes it: â€Å"A fictitious narrative (usually of something that might naturally occur), by which moral or spiritual relations are typically set forth, as the parables of the New Testament.† Herbert utilizes a similar strategy in his poetic comparisons, often taking the process a step further by including visual cues to aid the reader in his understanding of the message; as Bloch points out, â€Å"his larger purpose†¦was to teach like the prophets in a nondiscursive way, to present symbols that the reader could experience in all their constrictions and expansions† (206). Three examples of Herbert’s use of the parabolic structure in his metaphysical poems include â€Å"Easter Wings,† â€Å"Paradise,† and â€Å"Heaven.† The author’s mastery of the metaphysical conceit is evident in each work as he leads the re... ...s. ed. John Tobin. London: Penguin Group, 2004. 38. ---. "Heaven." George Herbert: The Complete English Poems. ed. John Tobin. London: Penguin Group, 2004. 177. ---. "Paradise." George Herbert: The Complete English Poems. ed. John Tobin. London: Penguin Group, 2004. 124. King James Bible, 1611. New York: Oxford U.P., 1996. Rickey, Mary. Utmost Art. Kentucky: U. of Kentucky P., 1966. 35-181. Singleton, Marion. God's Courtier. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1987. 100-02. Stein, Arnold. George Herbert's Lyrics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins P., 1968. 248-51 Stewart, Stanley. George Herbert. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986. 104-6 Toliver, Harold. George Herbert's Christian Narrative. University Park: Pennsylvania State U., 1993. 61-239. Vendler, Helen. The Poetry of George Herbert. Cambridge: Harvard U.P., 1975. 222-28.

Brief Summary

In Bernhard analysis, she starts off her essay strong by stating how important Frederick Douglass speech was. In her first paragraph, Bernhard shows readers that Frederick Douglass was credible by stating how he himself was part of the slave trade. Bernhard thesis in her first paragraph that drives the rest of her essay is how she states that, â€Å"Frederick was a huge part of the abolitionist movement,† and that, â€Å"Frederick wanted to show his aversion to slavery and his passionate dedication to see it end. As Bernhard continues with her analysis, she states how Frederick not only talks o abolitionist alike, but to proud Americans. As she continues with her analysis, Bernhard always refers back to her thesis in her first paragraph. She states facts on how Frederick became such a huge part of the abolitionist movement. She shows readers how Frederick had the skill to gain the audiences sympathy and how he made his speeches more important to listeners.In Bernhard fourth p aragraph, she refers back to her thesis on how Frederick wanted to show his aversion to slavery and his passion to see it end. In this paragraph, she continues to show how Frederick appealed to his audience's sense and ride by comparing Americans history of revolt against repression and wrongdoing to slavery.In conclusion, Bernhard whole analysis was to show how Frederick was Important to abolitionist movement; and to show how Frederick wanted to show his aversion to slavery and his passionate dedication to see It end. She backed up her thesis many times In her body paragraphs by showing how Frederick, showed his readers how corrupt American culture really Is. Then Bernhard ends her analysis by showing readers how Fredrick's effort Is now slowly Impacting the movement and caused many to reconsider the state and direction

Karyo- or Caryo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes

Karyo- or Caryo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes The prefix (karyo- or caryo-) means nut or kernel and also refers to the nucleus of a cell. Examples Caryopsis (cary-opsis): fruit of grasses and grains that consists of a single-celled, seed-like fruit. Karyocyte (karyo-cyte): a cell that contains a nucleus. Karyochrome (karyo-chrome): a type of nerve cell in which the nucleus stains easily with dyes. Karyogamy (karyo-gamy): uniting of cell nuclei, as in fertilization. Karyokinesis (karyo-kinesis): division of the nucleus that occurs during the cell cycle phases of mitosis and meiosis. Karyology (karyo-logy): the study of the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Karyolymph (karyo-lymph): the aqueous component of the nucleus in which the chromatin and other nuclear components are suspended. Karyolysis (karyo-lysis): the dissolution of the nucleus that occurs during cell death. Karyomegaly (karyo-mega-ly): abnormal enlargement of the cell nucleus. Karyomere (karyo-mere): a vesicle containing a small portion of the nucleus, typically following abnormal cell division. Karyomitome (karyo-mitome): chromatin network within the cell nucleus. Karyon (karyon): the cell nucleus. Karyophage (karyo-phage): a parasite that engulfs and destroys the nucleus of a cell. Karyoplasm (karyo-plasm): the protoplasm of the nucleus of a cell; also known as nucleoplasm. Karyopyknosis (karyo-pyk-nosis): shrinkage of the cell nucleus that is accompanied by the condensation of chromatin during apoptosis. Karyorrhexis (karyo-rrhexis): stage of cell death in which the nucleus ruptures and disperses its chromatin throughout the cytoplasm. Karyosome (karyo-some): dense mass of chromatin in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell. Karyostasis (karyo-stasis): stage of the cell cycle, also known as interphase, where the cell undergoes a period of growth in preparation for cell division. This stage occurs between two successive divisions of the cell nucleus. Karyotheca (karyo-theca): double membrane that encloses the contents of the nucleus, also known as the nuclear envelope. Its outer portion is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Karyotype (karyo-type): an organized visual representation of the chromosomes in the cell nucleus arranged according to characteristics such as number, size, and shape.

The History of the Phrase Double Coincidence of Wants

The History of the Phrase Double Coincidence of Wants Barter economies rely  on trading partners with mutually beneficial needs to agree to deals. For example, Farmer A might have a productive henhouse but no dairy cow while Farmer B has several dairy cows but no henhouse. The two farmers might agree to a regular swap of so many eggs for so much milk. Economists refer to this as a double coincidence of wants- double because there are two parties and a coincidence of wants because the two parties have mutually beneficial wants that match up perfectly. W.S. Jevons, a 19th-century English economist, coined the term and explained that it is an inherent flaw in bartering:  The first difficulty in barter is to find two persons whose disposable possessions mutually suit each others wants. There may be many people wanting, and many possessing those things wanted; but to allow  of  an act of barter there must be a double coincidence, which will rarely happen. The double coincidence of wants is also sometimes referred to as the dual coincidence of wants. Niche Markets Complicate Trades While it might be relatively easy to find trade partners for staples like milk and eggs, large and complex economies are full of niche products. AmosWEB offers the example of someone who produces artistically designed umbrella stands. The market for such umbrella stands likely is limited, and in order to barter with one of those stands, the artist first needs to find someone who wants one and then hope that the person has something of equal value the artist would be willing to accept in return. Money As a Solution Jevons point is relevant in economics because the institution of fiat money provides a more flexible approach to trade than barter. Fiat money is paper currency assigned value by a government. The United States, for example, recognizes the U.S. dollar as its form of currency, and it is accepted as legal tender throughout the country and even throughout the world. By using money, the need for a double coincidence is eliminated. Sellers need only find someone willing to buy their product, and there no longer is a need for the buyer to be selling precisely what the original seller wants. For example, the artist selling umbrella stands in AmosWEBs example might really need a new set of paintbrushes. By accepting money she no longer is limited to trading her umbrella  stands only to those offering paintbrushes in return. She can use the money she receives from selling an umbrella stand to buy the paintbrushes she needs. Saving Time One of the most significant benefits to using money is that it saves time. Again using the umbrella stand artist as an example, she no longer needs to use her time to find such precisely matched trading partners. She instead can use that time to produce more umbrella stands or other products featuring her designs, thus making her more productive. Time also plays an important role in the value of money, according to economist Arnold Kling. Part of what gives money its value is that its value holds up over time. The umbrella artist, for example, does not immediately need to use the money she earns in order to buy paintbrushes or whatever else it is she may need or want. She can hold onto that money until she needs or wants to spend it, and its value should be substantially the same. Bibliography Jevons, W.S. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. London: Macmillan, 1875.

Operation Management Techniques at McDonalds Term Paper

Operation Management Techniques at McDonalds - Term Paper Example Owing to the success of the corporation, there is evidence that McDonalds utilizes distinct operation management techniques that often give it an edge over others in the global business environment. This is informed by the actuality that being a service business, McDonald has widespread operations in virtually all the regions across the world that comprise of America, Asia and Europe. This makes it be essential to circumspectly examine the relevant methods of operations management as applied by McDonalds. Such an evaluation will consider the strategic methods that make the company distinct with regard to business effectiveness. Since operations management regards the development, in addition to the organization of merchandise, systems, and services along with supply chains and is founded on the attainment, expansion and use of resources that business entities need to convey commodities to clients, a comprehensive evaluation of McDonalds’ operations management will expose the b asic activities and strategies that make the company unique. Such a report will be necessary in providing information that could be used by other companies pursuing effectiveness. Table of Contents I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 A. Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 B. Motivation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 C. Report Outline†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 II. Detailed Study and Comparative Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 ... Operations management techniques in McDonalds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 III. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 IV. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 V. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Introduction A). The Goals and Objectives The central function of this account is to examine McDonalds, particularly how it utilizes operation management techniques in its activities. The description w ill spotlight the manner in which operations management is practiced in McDonalds. This will help establish the dynamics employed by the relevant company in achieving its objectives as well as executing its daily commercial activities. McDonald stands out as a very successful global commercial entity with outlets all over the world, there must be something quite distinct about the operations management of this company (Render & Heizer, 2005). The account will endeavor to underscore the exact essence of McDonald brand in the perspective of operations management to bring out the practices that make the global corporation a success. The eventual aspiration of the testimony is to evaluate and offer a comprehensive account of the practices of operation management in McDonalds Company. B). Motivation The motivation for studying this topic is derived from the significance of operations management in commercial entities as well as the global commercial presence of McDonalds. Operations mana gement is a dynamic discipline in management that caters for the design and administration of merchandises, services and practices (Welch et al, 2007).

Tort Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tort Assignment - Essay Example . â€Å"at the cutting edge† of tort law scholarship. (2003) In two distinct and independent areas of law it is a core element in the debate. In relation to mental illness, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder in the wake of the U.K.s involvement in both Iraq and Afghanistan questions of the scope of liability have arisen with energy and imperative. On another level, pure economic loss arguments seeking to extend the potential range of damages have also encountered push back from a floodgates school of legal thought. â€Å"How far can tort liability expand without imposing excessive burdens upon individual activity (or, as some may wish, to what extent should tort rules be compatible with the market orientation of the legal system)?† is a key issue in questions of pure economic loss according to Bussani and Parker. (2003) The following brief discussion will focus briefly on the historical development of this argument. However, the majority of the discussion will focus on the dynamic of the concept in current legal debate and decisions. The story begins with Cardozo in Ultramares Corporation v Touche 174 NE 441 at 444 (1931). With less panache than Prosser his decision 8 years earlier is arguably even more widely quoted, than Prossers introductory quotation: He raised the spectre of the unattractive proposition of exposing defendants to a potential liability "in an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to an indeterminate class" IN 1998 the U.K. Law Commission acknowledged that floodgates arguments arise from â€Å"the concern that such a proliferation of claims would clog the court system.† (Law Commission, 1998) Today, particularly in the U.K., Bussani and Parker conclude the floodgate argument to limit liability is â€Å"not only pervasive, but has proved persuasive.† (2003) They provide a valuable typology for pure economic loss in the context of tort liability. They identify transferred loss, Ricochet