Swot on Japan

Japan SWOT Analysis Strengths: Economy- Economy has a long term positive impact on Japan, which will add to its value. The qualitative factor of economy will lead to a decrease in costs for Japan Japanese Biotechology- Hard working People- Sophisticated consumers with high purchasing power- They help Japan set trends and utilize latest technology. These customers tend to appreciate fashionable, name brand items that allow luxury goods makers to use their profits and knowledge of the Japanese consumer market to expand globally.Technology companies sell high tech and high priced goods to Japanese customers, which allows the entire country to utilize the latest technology. technology has a major correlation with productivity, so the more technology a country utilizes, the higher their productivity. Allied with the USA- Japan and the United States of America has a long relationship of cooperation that dates back to the Second World Ware. This cooperation protects Japan from military thre ats in the region. Japan is able to invest money meant for the military into other productive means that help support the economy.Universal Health Care System- The health care system in Japan provides healthcare services, including screening examinations, prenatal care and infectious disease control. The patients are responsible for 30% of these costs while the government pays the remaining 70%. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal healthcare insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with a fee set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. atients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice and cannot be denied coverage. Hospitals, by law, must be run as non-profit and be managed by physicians. For-profit corporations are not allowed to won or operate hospitals. Clinics must be owned and operated by ph ysicians. World Class Education System- Japan's education system played a major role in enabling the country to meet the challenges presented by the need to quickly understand Western ideas, science, and technology.Japan has one of the highest standards of education and one of the highest literacy rates in the world. About 93% of children enter high school and nearly all of them graduate. Japan's Automobile Industry- It is said that Japan's automobile industry is ultimately their greatest strength. it plays a major role in the overall economy of Japan, and whether the current trend is up or down it has a direct correlation to the economy as a whole. Auto-related businesses provide one out of every ten jobs in Japan. A major part of Japan's work force is dependent on the automobile industry. Weakness:Declining Birth Rate- â€Å"The effects of a declining population can be adverse for an economy which has borrowed extensively for repayment by younger generations; however, a smaller h uman population has a smaller impact on the environment and on biodiversity. Economically declining populations are thought to lead to deflation, which has a number of effects. A declining population due to demographics will also be accompanied by population ageing which can contribute problems for a society. The decade long economic malaise of Japan and Germany is often linked to these demographic problems.The worst case scenario is a situation where the population falls too low a level to support a current social welfare economic system, which is more likely to occur with a rapid decline than with a more gradual one. The economies of Japan and went into recovery around the time their population just began to decline. In other words, both the total and per capita GDP in both countries grew more rapidly after 2005 than before. A declining population can also create a labor shortage, which can have a number of positive as well as negative effects.While some labor-intensive sectors of the economy may be hurt if the shortage is severe enough, others may adequately compensate by increased outsourcing and/or automation. Initially, the labor participation rates (which are low in many countries) can also be increased to temporarily reduce or delay the shortage. On the positive side, such a shortage increases the demand for labor, which can potentially result in a reduced unemployment rate as well as higher wages. As the birthrate in developed countries drops well below the â€Å"replacement rate† of 2. 1 children born to every woman, to somewhere between 1. and 1. 4 children — the declining population will have severe consequences in the near and distant future. Demographic decline causes anxiety because it is thought to go hand-in-hand with economic decline. With fewer, younger workers to pay the health and pension bills of an elderly population, states face an unprecedented fiscal burden. The dependency ratio of those aged 65 and over to those of work ing age looks set to double from one-to-four to one-to-two in 2050. † Natural Disasters- Female Managers in Japan- Only 8% of managers are female in Japan, whereas, they are 40% in America and 20% in China.This difference in female participation means Japan is only getting their ideas from men. The loss of creative ideas is a debilitation consequence of low female participation. Lost Cost of Capital in Japan-Japan's reliance on low cost of capital is hurting their economy. Japan's government institutions hand out money to try and revitalize ailing companies. These low interest payments result in a low cost of capital for struggling firms, but the negative is bad companies continue to operate like zombies. They aren't expanding or innovating, they are mostly struggling to stay alive.This system move money from the best ideas (new and fast moving companies) to ones that have been around the longest and are struggling. Reliance on Exports-Japan's reliance on exports could cause m any economic problems, because export earnings are very volatile. They are also subject to enormous international competition, which means they could easily lose to competition from China or any low expense locations around the world. Exports also depend on currency valuations, which happen to change very quickly and for unknown reasons.Opposition to Immigration-Japan passed the Immigration Control Act in 1990, but they still only issue visas to skilled workers. Ultimately, Japan passed the Immigration Control Act in 1990 which opened a side-door to ethnic Japanese living in other countries, allowing them to immigrate to Japan for the unspecified purpose of performing unskilled labor. Japan still does not issue visas to anyone but skilled workers. â€Å"Today's attitudes in Japan often remain decidedly negative towards immigrants, legal or otherwise, and new tighter controls are currently being drafted†, according to the Japan Times.Negative treatment of foreigners turns away potential benefit that countries obtain from immigration. New skills, cultures and ideas are plentiful in immigrant populations. Opposition to immigration decreases the chance that new ideas and skills increase the domestic production of a country. Long life expectancy-Japan is known to have the longest life expectancy anywhere in the world. Impressive statistics have been recorded across Japan, where life expectancy has increased dramatically in the past 80 years. In 1935, life expectancy was about 45. By 1950, it was 60.Today it is 85 for women and 78 for men. Japanese women live, on average, more than five years longer than those in the United States. Japanese men have more than four years on those in America. The number of centenarians in Japan has doubled in the past five years, and now stands at just over 20,000. Longer life expectancy and reduced fertility rates have contributed to population aging, with the latter cause dominating. Lower fertility initially reduces the depe ndency of the young on working-age adults, increasing the latter’s consumption possibilities.Over time, however, dependency of elders on working-age adults increases, as there are fewer adults entering the workforce. Combined with longer life expectancy, total dependency on adults will rise. This will reduce workers’ incentive to save, since the existence of fewer workers reduces return on investments. It will also strain public finances, as the need to fund social security will lead to higher payroll taxes. Simply put, an aging population implies that in the future there will be more retirees being supported by fewer workers.High Suicide Rate-Japan's grim reputation as one of the world's suicide nations has been confirmed by statistics that show more than 30,000 people a year have taken their own lives since figures first began to rise in 1998. The most common hour of death is 5am for men and noon for women, after their families have left for work or school. Japan has roughly half the population of the US, yet the same number of suicides. There's no single factor, but experts point to a combination of economic woes, poor mental-health resources, lack of religious prohibition, and cultural acceptance of the practice.Japan's high-interest loan system and historically strict bankruptcy laws may have contributed to this effect. But the Japanese suicide rate remains elevated, even though the economy has since recovered. Even before the recession, the rate was already a third higher than that of the United States. Bank Cross Holdings-Banks in many countries purchase share of countries in their home territory to speculate on share prices or to establish a stronger relationship with a client. These relationships are beneficial to the bank when share prices rise, but can hurt a bank when shares prices fall.Banks profit by lending money and an economy relies on bank lending to function. A decrease in bank lending is a restriction on the money flowing thro ugh the economy, therefore, the economy decreases, because there is less money. If the economy decreases, then generally, stock prices also decrease. When banks hold shares in other companies when those shares become less valuable, then banks have less money to lend, which further restricts the economy and causes share prices to decrease further. When banks hold shares in other ompanies during an economic recession, it causes the banks to restrict lending (because of shares decreases) just when the economy needs lending the most. Fiscal Budget Deficit-A budget deficit decreases the ability of a government to increase spending to stimulate the economy. Annual budget deficits increase the national debt, which increases the cost of borrowing. To pay off a deficit, the government will have to decreases spending are raise taxes; both hurt the economy Opportunities: Private Equity in Japan-The Private Equity industry has enormous potential in Japan.According to the Economist, â€Å"The c ountry teems with medium-sized firms with world-class technology that need to consolidate and globalize in order to grow. Japanese firms' return on equity is around half that of American and European firms. A generation of bosses who founded their firms after the war are ready to retire but lack successors. Fund managers estimate there are 500-1000 such companies, which is why they stick around. † Many fundamental issues exist in Japan that hurt the Private Equity industries potential to profit, but those issues will slowly fade away.Growth of the Private Equity industry in Japan will likely accelerate Pro-Reform Political Parties in Japan-Over two decades of economic stagnation is forcing political party changes. Parties that were in power for half a century are now out, while new parties are forming around the idea of increased growth, political reform and the end of deflation. A political shakeup in Japan could force many new reforms that fix the country's most glaring prob lems while positioning it for a more robust future.Freelance Cloud Workers-Freelance cloud workers go online to pitch their skills to millions of potential employers through interfaces that match potential employers with talented freelance workers about the world. Some people call these digital sweat shops, because they match workers all over the work with potential employers who pay only for the services they want at the lowest possible prices. From a pure economic standpoint, these outsource shops are lowering the cost of services, by outsourcing those services around the world.These lower cost help skilled employees to match up with employers who obtain better skills are lower prices. The benefits of international trade will now show up in services that are priced according to skill level. The flexibility and these sites and the ability to transcend borders makes freelance cloud working a powerful new engine of global growth. Instant Translation of Web Pages-The ability to transl ate web pages quickly and accurately may lead to a break down in the language barriers that separate commerce and social interaction between countries.Rapidly evolving technology is leading the way for computers that â€Å"learn† by analyzing documents that have been translated by humans. The possibility of instantly translating a web page, document or blogs may also become reality. Regular Japanese Workers- The Japanese call these â€Å"Regular Workers†, because they enjoy less benefits than union workers. However, Regular Workers are better for firms because they provide agility that is key in Japan's global fight against competition, especially with China. Emerging markets-Demand from emerging markets is helping growth and margins.Emerging markets create new opportunities to expand products from the developed world. Paper products, computer services and other industries will all benefit as emerging countries increase demand for industrial and agricultural products. Threats: Fiscal Austerity Programs-Many government around the world will have to cut spending and increase taxes to avoid fiscal deficits that increased during the financial crisis. These programs will decrease government spending in the economy, which will slow growth rates.Additionally, citizens will have less money and benefits to use in case of emergencies. The fear is that cuts might be so drastic that they hurt the economy Young Entrepreneurs Decreasing in Japan-According to Economist Magazine, â€Å"Since 2003, the proportion of young Japanese entering the labor force who want to be entrepreneurs has halved, to 14%, while those who seek lifetime employment has nearly doubled, to 57%. † The loss of entrepreneurs slows down a countries rate of growth, because entrepreneurs create the next generate of companies.Whaling Hurts Japan's Image-Whaling hurts Japan's image aboard because they go against a long-standing moratorium on commercial whaling. They catch whales under th e banner of â€Å"experiments†, but whale end up on dinner plates instead. This standing is causing tension with neighbors who all observe the ban. International tensions may interrupt trade negotiations with other countries that don't like what Japan is doing. It could also cause boycotts of Japanese goods in nations with concerned citizens. The damage to Japan's reputation may hurt it over the long term.Domestic Savings and Fiscal Debt-Japan's government debt is mostly serviced by the large domestic population of savings. These savers invest their money with the government and receive a very low increase rate in return. This rate is derived from the high demand for Japanese debt, but this trend might will change over time. As Japan's population ages, they will run down their savings and in turn, have less money to purchase Japanese debt. This decrease in demand will increase the interest rate paid by Japanese government.As interest rates increase, so will the threat of a fi scal crisis in Japan Zombie Companies-Japan has a long traditional of supporting smaller companies to the detriment of the health of larger companies. The â€Å"Convoy System† allows small market share for small firm, so they don't disappear, while larger firms are given the ability to quickly expand and compete. The interference of capitalism results in less efficiencies across the entire market and results in less profits for larger firms. 5 P's of Marketing Market Positions- Placement- Promotion- Price- Political-

Aai End Term

MGCP Final Exam-Sandeep Taterway:61310057 Map Model ? Memo to AAI The advent of Public Private Partnership (PPP) model in infrastructure sector especially in airport development presents a tremendous opportunity for AAI to develop a sustainable, profitable and forward looking approach to solving myriad of problems plaguing the Indian airline industry. The genesis of the solution lies in the ability of AAI to attract private capital.The shift from state owned airport model to PPP model though has been slow and is currently limited to a few major airports in the country but it has infused the much needed capital in the industry, which in turn reduces the AAI’s dependence on Government’s grants. My model emphasises on proliferation of this PPP model which will ensure consistent cash flows to the industry and will also help in improving efficiencies within the system. The interest of private players in this industry is driven by two perspectives.Firstly by fast growing pass enger and freight traffic and also by upside potential in non-aeronautical revenue. Thus in our quest to improve AAI’s sustainable profitability we need to address both these requirements of the private players. In my opinion we can approach them in the trailing manner. Generating passenger and freight traffic Due to requirement of high upfront investments in developing and operating an airport, it becomes pertinent that such investments are offset by revenues from passenger and freight traffic. AAI should take adequate measures to generate growth in demand for airports.It is important to mention that airline industry is under constant threat from high speed rails and developing road network, especially for short haul flights. A price sensitive consumer, typically a middle class leisure traveller, which comprises almost 50% of the industry, is likely to switch to a cheaper mode of travel if prices of airlines are very high, thus reducing demand for airports. Thus for airlines to be able to generate demand, the prices should be low enough to remain competitive with other modes of transportation. ThusAAI’s efforts should be concentrated on reducing prices for air travel. Apart from high fixed costs, airlines also pay fees to airport developers that have a direct correlation to the price to the end consumer. Thus we need to ensure that these fees are brought down without affecting the return on investment of the developer which would entail reducing the development cost. Infrastructure development projects of such magnitude are often marred by delays in land acquisition and subsequent hurdles in compensation and rehabilitation of those displaced by the project.More often than not, the developers are engaged in long litigation processes to gain access to encumbrance free land, this leads to cost escalations and delays to the project. Therefore there is a need to have stringent and concise land acquisition and rehabilitation policies, which will direc tly reduce the cost of development. Reduction in development cost will lead to reduction in fees that are charged to the airline which in turn would increase the demand for air travel. As a result, airlines will run on capacity generating revenues to offset their high fixed cost and will be able to pay airport charges without default.In turn AAI can use this revenue to develop newer airports taking into account social obligations. If there are still gaps in funding the development and maintenance of an airport, AAI should allow for charging of User development fee (UDF) to bridge the gaps. This will enable the operator to achieve fair rate of return on its investments and incentivise him to expand the infrastructure as per requirements which will further help in catering to a greater demand. Generating non-aeronautical revenueLess that 20% of the revenue at airports is generated by non-aeronautical services compared with around 50% or more being achieved by airports around the world . The key determinant of non-aeronautical revenue is retail and duty free, both of which are still miniscule in the country. It thus represents a great opportunity for the aviation industry as Indians are travelling and they are doing so more often. They also have more money to spend and recent FDI approval in retail stands witness to this hypothesis.The Wal-Marts of the world are beginning to line up to get a share of the great Indian retail pie. AAI is well positioned to take advantage of this advent. By expanding retail beyond the metro and Tier-1 city airports, we can generate sustainable revenues even from the loss making airports. In cases the airport in managed by a PPP driven Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), the operator can generate revenue which will further help him to reduce fees to the airlines which have the spiral effect on reducing the fares of air travel and thus generating more demand.On the fare regulation front for airlines, it is recommended that we adopt the rate of return method as it provides incentives for investing in capacity expansion as the focus of this method is to set a tariff that provides a certain return rate . Also cost cutting at the cost of compromised services doesn’t bring any extra gain in this method, thus there are no distorted incentives to do so. Capacity expansion on the other hand would lead to these airlines serving the newly developed airports across the country.It is also recommended that for fixing airport fees, a dual till model is used at major airports where the assets, costs and revenues of an airport are allocated between two heads of aeronautical and non-aeronautical. For following this model, we would be able to utilise non-traffic revenues at these airports not just to further enhance the development of the airport but also to develop and maintain loss making airports which serve the social obligation of achieving nationwide connectivity.We are today at inflection point in the airline industry, th ough profits have remained elusive, we need to take action to put the industry on a right case footing. Learning This case illustrates how integrating solutions for various stakeholders can guide strategic decisions which in turn can help solve even the most complex issues. I can summarize these principles into learning which can serve as a method for structured thought process in my everyday life.The critical learning from this case lies in the complex interlinking of issues and how collaboration between various stakeholders can help mitigate even the most complex issues. For example, it is fascinating to note that land acquisition and rehabilitation policies of AAI are closely linked to what I pay for my travel. The spiral effects of one action on end consumer even though involving different stakeholders can be humongous. Thus it is imperative that no lax attitude at any juncture is acceptable in a complex project.I could also directly relate to these issues as my prior experience with road construction involved budgeting for land compensation and rehabilitation. I always wondered why there is so much fuss about the amount of compensation that we need to pay to the rehabilitees. But this case helped me understand that if we paid excess for compensation for land acquisition, the total cost of the project would go up which in turn could only be recouped by charging a higher toll, the net effect is that passengers are more likely to switch to other non-toll roads to avoid paying these extra charges.Another important learning from this case is the need of leadership skills when we want to bring about a change in perilous businesses like the airline industry. It is fair to assume since we, as Indians, didn’t develop the airline technology, we didn’t face the initial technological hiccups and one would assume that learning curve is much steeper in India and therefore progress should have achieved much faster. On the contrary India is plagued with dee p rooted issues which have slowed if not stalled the progress of aviation industry.The problem lies in the leadership as India does not have the ready reserve of airline industry people who have grown with the industry. Rather, the leadership has been derived from other sectors and is stuffed with entrepreneurs who are attracted to the industry but have little or no real airline experience. The Indian consumer too is not well versed coupled with the intensely bureaucratic government processes which have had a vice like grip on the industry.In such complex scenarios, we needed some industry leaders who have both the knowledge and the tenacity to bring about a sweeping change in the industry. It could have been some top official at AAI or a seasoned aviation entrepreneur who is willing to place his bet on the Indian aviation industry. I believe the ability to lead in such conditions is a true test of leadership abilities and I would personally strive to lead my company and my industry in these settings.

Fossil Fuel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fossil Fuel - Assignment Example The theory got used in the biogenic theory of dead plants fossil remains exposed to pressure and heat in the earth crust for several million years. Currently, there are several uses for oil, coal and natural gas. Fossil fuels are of great significance since they can be burned to produce great energy per unit weight amounts. Coal gets often used as fuel. Mostly coal is used in running metal ore melting furnaces. When natural gas is flared off as petroleum’s unneeded byproduct, it becomes a valuable resource. The natural gas is the key source of helium. Lastly, the fossil oils are often employed in internal combustion engines and fossil fuel power stations among others (Sovacool, 2008). Fossil fuels are the key energy sources though they still cause disastrous effects like air pollution when over consumption occurs. Burning of fossil fuels emits nitrogen monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, etc. that may cause severe implications on the habitats. Additionally, they also impact human health. First, fossil fuels result in pollution of the environment. When burnt, they emit carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas increase global warming. The earth’s temperature also increases as a result of melting polar ice caps, the low lying areas flood and sea levels rise due to fossil fuels. Thus, these conditions have resulted in drastic changes on earth (Jim, 2009). Secondly, fossil fuel results to acid rains. The acid rains are as a result of the sulphur dioxide produced during combustion of the gases. The rains cause monuments destructions, and even crops get affected due to the loams acidification. Additionally, the natural gases result to nasty smells and create problems during transportation as it spills overseas. Thirdly, human’s health gets affected as a result of the fossil fuels. The ozone layer is slowly getting worn out due to the greenhouse gases released from the fuels. Thus, as a result, the ozone holes

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harmful Effects of Flu Vaccine - Essay Example Scientists strive hard to develop new vaccines to effectively combat disease. This is a protracted process; and it takes several months to prepare a vaccine. Moreover, distribution of the vaccine is a time consuming task, and it takes months to distribute vaccine in the entire country. That is why vaccine manufacturers have to commence operations, well in advance of each flu season (Tesar, 2009). Viruses cause influenza and other respiratory ailments. The spread of seasonal diseases varies every year and season, and in every environment. The incidence of influenza in the age group up to 19 years was estimated to vary between 0 to 46%. The average incidence of influenza, in the same age group for a period of five years, was 4.6%. In children, the rate of incidence was 9.5%. It is not possible to generalize the outcomes of isolated studies and studies on small groups, regarding the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, such studies are difficult to interpret (Jefferson, 2006). A tenth of those inoculated with such vaccine, experience side effects, like soreness at the site of the vaccination; and this is to a marked extent among children who are vaccinated for the first time. In addition, flu viruses change all the time and this leads to diversified virus strains. Consequently, flu vaccines have to keep on including these new strains (Tesar, 2009). The process of manufacturing flu vaccine usually starts in the month of February, when medical experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the composition of the vaccine to be manufactured, in order to meet the flu season of winter, in the Northern Hemisphere. In respect of the Southern Hemisphere, the vaccine production starts in the month of September. Vaccines consist of antigens from three virus strains; specifically two from type A and one from type B (Tesar, 2009). The effect of the flu vaccine varies from person to person, and these vaccines are effective amongst healthy youth. There is a

Critically discuss Plato's theory of the psyche and relate it with Essay

Critically discuss Plato's theory of the psyche and relate it with managing today - Essay Example Plato understood that the human psyche is in constant exchange with the external social, cultural and political environment. The similarities between Plato’s and Freud’s conceptions of the psyche are relevant to modern business management because Freudian psychoanalysis is well entrenched in Human Resources Management practice. The continued utility of Plato’s theory of the psyche to modern managers is illustrated by its perusal in management seminars and workshops. Even the process of knowledge creation and transfer prevalent in management practice today has parallels to Plato’s ideas on knowledge. Plato’s theory of psyche remains an eminent source of wisdom and counsel to leaders in various fields today. Introduction: Plato is one of the most influential philosophers from the Hellenistic Age, whose ideas are still relevant to modern times. Business management as we know it today was not a preoccupation of Plato. For that matter, management of busi ness enterprises under a capitalist framework is a modern phenomenon ushered in by the Industrial Revolution of late 18th century. But Plato was a polymath, who forwarded treatises on a range of subjects. Questions of what constitutes good governance under a monarch was a focus of his thought. When we look closely, there are many parallels between the structure of a kingdom and that of a business corporation. Both are more or less authoritarian institutions with a top-down power hierarchy. With the net worth of many Fortune 500 corporations is equivalent to the GDP of some nations, corporate houses are rightly referred to as ‘empires’ in management literature. Hence, although the thoughts of Plato and that of Peter Drucker are separated by two millennia, the former can be seen as a management guru in his own right. In particular, Plato’s speculations and assertions on the nature of human psyche have withstood the test of time and are a useful aid to modern manage rs. This essay will flesh out this thesis in detail. Body of Essay: It is fair to state that of all ancient Greek philosophers, it was Plato, who defined and characterized the nature of the psyche in great detail. Plato was the one who â€Å"defined the abstract and the rational as equivalent to the moral good. He equated self-knowledge with self-restraint, and proclaimed that knowledge is virtue.... Lack of knowledge and the irrational, were equated with moral evil, and then, with madness.† (Buckley, 2001, p. 452) For Plato, the ‘soma’ makes up the physical body, while the psyche is the what animates a body and gives it life. Psyche is what distinguishes a living creature from a dead one. The body, on the other hand, plays host to the psyche and can either restrict or extend the expression of psyche. According to Plato, the psyche is not made of substance and it is immortal. Plato divided human psyche into three components – the rational, affective and ap petitive. In simple terms, examples of appetites or desires are thirst, hunger, etc. The ability to overcome the appetites is the function of the rational. And the appetitive, also called the Spirit is the moral compass as attuned by social norms. He defined conflict as a â€Å"struggle between the rational and the appetitive portions with each trying to enlist the affective portion on its side." (Buckley, 2001, p.453) For example, conflicts could arise in simple situation like these: I know it is wrong to lie, but can’

Developing self-awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Developing self-awareness - Essay Example At the same time, continuous self-examination of feelings and emotions within a person opens a way to self-mastery. This paper is an examination of the â€Å"self† and â€Å"others† processes. It directly discusses my self-awareness skills and how I can understand and improve it in my daily interactions. I understand that both positive and negative feedback are important to me and in order to improve, I should share with others what I feel. I am not aware of my cognitive style and how I process information and this needs improvement. My emotional maturity is not much improved and I only show the capacity to develop it. I struggle a lot to hide my emotions and try to rationalize them. However, sometimes I become emotional before thinking which lands me in saying unintended things to others. This has made me try my best to withhold my emotions as much as I can and dealing with them later by confronting myself. I do not like being uncertain about everything and I try my best to master situations otherwise I quit. I realize that I am quite principled in my behaviour because I have tried my best to nourish it since my early age. I also like being aware of what happens around me and rarely feel angry, depressed or anxious without knowing the reason. Sometimes I annoy others unknowingly an d I like apologizing where possible. I like having someone close to me to share my personal feelings When upset, I look into the problems without sometimes facing the real persons. I am concerned with others and like remaining in touch, though am less group-oriented. I like consulting others just as I tell others what I do not like. I like helping people opposed to each other to find something they can agree upon. In situations needing my attention such that I have to leave work early, I tend to exaggerate a bit to my colleagues of a duty I cannot fail to attend. I do not like people who yell at me when they are angry and

Advantages of diversity through career management in the workplace Research Paper

Advantages of diversity through career management in the workplace - Research Paper Example It is often said that the diversity tends to include various dimensions impacting the identities and the perspectives that the people of the organization bring such as parental status, profession, geographic location and education.Workplace diversity is mainly concerned with the people issue that tends to bring similarities as well as differences in the organization. It is often said that the diversity tends to include various dimensions impacting the identities and the perspectives that the people of the organization bring such as parental status, profession, geographic location and education. The concept of workplace diversity is often sought to include everyone. It can be revealed that the workplace diversity is all about learning from others who are different regarding the dignity, respect for all and thus creating the environment that will motivate others as well to learn from various people in order to capture the benefits of the diverse views (Cornell University, n.d.). It is known that the workplace diversity tends to bring numerous gains to the organization. The overall success including the competitiveness rests upon the organization’s capability to encompass the diversity realizing the benefits provided by it. The organizations that evaluate as well as employ the diversity plans visibly derive benefits out of them. The first benefit that arises is the increased adaptability. The organizations that include diverse workplace can offer solution to the existing problems on a day-to-day basis. The employees from diverse background generally tend to bring with them individual knowledge and/or skill thus assisting in providing various ideas that can adapt to the changing markets demand. A person consisting of diverse skills tends to attract the customers on a global basis. The companies embracing the diversity in the workplace motivate the staffs to perform well and at the highest quality (Greenberg, 2006). It can be revealed that the diversity manag ement programs need to have an impact upon the recruitment of the target groups. It must also have an influence upon the career development programs. The term career management is based on the assumption that the individuals can exercise power over their careers. It is to be remembered that proper career management may not only focus upon the skills as possessed by oneself as well as the nature of the work but also it is quite important to focus upon the decision making skills that can be improved as well as developed with the pace of time. It is the work diversity that shapes the career development plans of the individuals. It is because of the diversity at the workplace that forces an individual to manage his/her careers. It has been evident that the world is undergoing rapid changes and the changes have an effect upon the nature of the work. Embracing the changes may damage the careers of the individuals. The competitive aspect on a worldwide basis gives rise to the global busine sses and the uncertainties in the global economy. Competition has further forced the organizations to perform acquisitions, reorganization as well as restructuring of the jobs. There have further been changes in the psychological relation among the employers and the employee (Greenhaus & Et. Al., 2009). A person pursuing his career plan in accountancy may experience numerous benefits. It can be demonstrated that the accountants possesses one of the finest job prospects. The individuals who have good interpersonal as well as the communication skills are the targets of the employers in the recent times. There are accountant who need to work on teams with others possessing different backgrounds. Therefore, these accountants must possess the ability to demonstrate and explain the accounting information in a clear and concise manner. This clearly relates to the workplace diversity. The accountants need to divert their skills and knowledge among the diverse cultural background groups whic h is referred as workplace diversi

Forensic Tools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Forensic Tools - Research Paper Example The tools need to be validated to ensure reliability (Brunty, 2011). They are highly trusted by the community that deals with legal issues. For instance, judges highly trust forensic tools the way scientists trust scientific processes to make their study results consistent and verifiable. Forensic tools should not be used as scientific processes because they are not scientific in nature. They have to be validated before being used. Validation enables the legal community to match a forensic tool with the nature of investigation and types of data to be collected. The validation is also important because it increases one’s confidence when using the tools. The process is vital when giving evidence in court that the tools used are effective before presenting the digital proof. Validation increases the competitiveness of a forensic examiner. Without it, the reputation of even the most experience examiner can be destroyed. Validation of the tools is also necessary because it ensures repeatability. When using the same tool, one should be able to obtain the same results after conducting the same test. This proves that the information presented in the tools is of high quality (Evans, Bond & Bement, 2004). In addition, validation ensures reproducibility when using the tools. This means that when using the tools one can obtain the same results even if the same tests are carried out in different settings. One of the organizations that undertake the validation of the tools is the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (NSRL, 2001). This organization conducts various projects in laboratories. The aim of the organization entails establishing methodologies for testing the effectiveness of the forensic tools. For instance, the organization develops the tools specifications and tests sets. It also identifies the general test procedure and standards. The

INTRODUCTION TO LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTRODUCTION TO LAW - Essay Example There should not be any further assumption in a trial and judgment process. Rather it is supposed to take for granted in addition to supporting previous resolution, whether by resolution or some summary means. This should not be exclusively left to judges, without being backed up by legal rules to advocate that the best way to settle dispute is to opt out of the trial process into alternative depute resolution. Opposing parties should not be left to themselves. It therefore becomes urgent of the legal system to effectuate a means through which any settlement will be achieved at its maximum. This will to a greater extent, reduce the amount of trials. The second assumption upholds the view that the most effective way of settling a dispute is by permitting the opposing parties to go to court. If therefore a trial has to be set into motion, there should be a traditionally adversarial method in which all opposing parties are given equal opportunities with regards to establishment of facts , discovery of evidence and production of witnesses. If this is effective, the trial process will not be wanting of a fundamental principle of fair hearing, although opposing parties may have unequally bargaining powers. The truth is that authenticity of facts or opinion will be distorted and parties will bear enormous costs where bargaining powers of litigants are not at par. There is need for reform. But reform should be more feasible moving from an adversarial to inquisitorial system because this will â€Å"alter lawyers’ conduct within the existing system, a task which†¦is less productive and more difficult than changing the system†1. It is thought of that changing the existing conduct of lawyers will mean that there will be an ascendant of more settlements. Should this be a problem? It may be impossible to completely cause trials to vanish. But it is true that the rates at which trials are brought to court will gradually diminish. Remember that litigants will be more aware of the benefits over which settlement has over trials. Therefore, settlement out of court should not be discounted by the courts. The court should egg on litigant to settle their disputes out of court. This will even be more effective when there is disclosure of facts earlier to the settlement. Remember that settlement without earlier disclosure of important facts will render the settlement unfair. 02 How do you think moving to an inquisitorial system would address some of the criticism raised by the author? The criticism raised by the author relates to disclosure in of evidence and eventual cost of litigation. To begin with, the adversarial method is a method which affords the parties and the counsels a great deal of absolute control over the manner in which facts and opinions are collected and tendered. Maybe, the best way to understand the adversarial method is by reference to what transpired in Whitehouse v. Jordan2. Civil litigation is without doubt, a classic il lustration of the adversarial system. The process calls for neutrality between all parties to the case. Keep in mind that neither side of the opposing camp is obliged to make known more of its evidence before the trial than the other side. It is however, the plaintiff who bears the greatest burden of proof and this is on the balance of probabilities. Remember that this is a standard which is of no benefit to all parties. The character of the inquisitorial method is found in the

Planning an Educational Program Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Planning an Educational Program - Article Example The early educational practitioners realized the significant differences between adult education and the education of younger people. Consequently, adult educations programs were theoretically scrutinized and redesigned to meet the needs of the adult population. Currently, most of the educational programs that are targeting adults are increasingly being planned to ensure quality education for this particular social group (Merriam and Caffarella, 1999, p.47). The history of the contemporary adult educational program models dates back to the periods when the Veteran administration public schools were formed in the 1930s during the great depression. Throughout the 20th century, adult educational programs continued to develop along various disciplinary lines and, therefore, affected the larger organizations (Knowles, 1980, p.70). Some of the notable disciplines that contributed to the growth of these programs included psychology, philosophy, and sociology. For example, the early philosophers attempted to synchronize the theories of adult learning with the learning models through experimental learning. One of the most significant practitioners who championed the use of learning philosophy as a basis of adult learning programs was John Dewey. Dewey particularly pioneered the sub-field of reflective learning which eventually brought a number of new experiences to adult educational theories and perspectives. According to Dewey (1963), â€Å"lea rning is a lifelong process and individuals continue to learn new things and grow throughout their life times† (p.19). This view, however, contradicted the previous view that both growth and learning processes are finite and diminish once an individual has reached adulthood. Dewey also proposed that learning can only take place best within an institutional setting which does not obstruct any experience, and, therefore, learning environments should be designed to create new experiences and develop personality of the learners. The current workshop model of adult education programs is largely built on Dewey’s ideas. The modern models of adult educational programs have also been significantly shaped by developmental psychology, particularly through the use of social psychological theories of adult learning and development. According to these theories, adults are psychologically different from the normal young college students who are often in their adolescence ages. Consequ ently, the adult educational program models should demand a relatively different learning structure. For example, the theory of psychological development suggests that personality development occurs throughout the life span of an individual. As a person grows and matures, there is often a desire for new meanings which naturally is absent in childhood. On the other hand, Havinghurst (1971, p17) believed that the learning processes of adults are largely shaped by their subconscious social developmental tasks such as their need to find a mate, quest of how to live with a partner, how to develop their career goals, and how to establish their civic responsibilities. According to this perspective, adults can only learn best when they use learning programs that motivate and allow them to learn new behaviors that will enable them to achieve these task demands. Similarly, other moral development model of adult education programs were developed on the basis of the demands of cognitive develop ment in adults.

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Example for Free

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Introduction Of the one billion people in China, over 93% belong to the Han nationality. Consequently,the Chinese cultureto which most scholarsrefer is usually the Han culture. However, within the Han Chinese culturethere are differences in custom, dialect, etc. , due to historical events and geographic conditions. Chinese ethnomusicologists in recent years have developed the study of Han Chinese folk songs based upon geographic factors and have labelled this study Music Geography. According to Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong, two prominent ethnomusicologists advocating this new approach,there are as many as eleven culture areas (which they call similarcolor areas)of Han Chinese folk songs (1987: 58-61): 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) P Northeastern lain P Northwestern lain JiangHuai Plateau(northern iangsuand northern nhui) J A Zhe Plain (southernJiangsu,southernAnhui, Zhejiang) Jiang Min Tai (FujianandTaiwan) Yue (Guangdong) JiangHan Plain (Hubei, southernHenan) Xiang (Hunan) Gan (Jiangxi) Southwestern lateau P Kejia (Hakkapeople of variousplaces). With the exception of the last-namedgroup (which is a widely-distributed a sub-culture) ll the above divisions arebased upon geographicfactors. In the broadergeographicview, the Han Chinese culture may also be divided into northernand southernstyles, each of which is associated with one of the two majorrivers of China,the HuangHe (Yellow River) of This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 108 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 the north and the Chang Jiang (Long River, also known as the Yangzi River) of the south. It is commonly assumedthatthe HuangHe basin is the cradleof Chinesecivilization. However,recentstudies (such as Miao 1988: 1) indicatethatotherriver basins have contributed qually to the shapingof e Chinese civilization. Among them is the ChangJiangbasin, which is early t certainlyof equal importance o the HuangHe. Anothersystem for classifying folk songs is by type, of which haozi (worksongs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs) dominate. I propose to examine both systems, in sequence, in order to obtain as wide a perspectiveas possible on Han folk songs. Differences between Northern and Southern Folk Songs To the thinking of Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong (1987: 59), the division of Han Chinese folk songs into northern and southern styles follows other aspects of Chinese culture closely. In this division, environmentis seen as playing a significantrole. The HuangHe basin is a cold, dry and windy areawhere the main agricultural roductis wheat. The p lower basin is frequently flooded. The rugged, intense and disjunct characteristicsof the folk songs can be explained by the realities of life on the basin. The Chang Jiangbasin, on the other hand, has mild weatherand much rain. Rice is the main agriculturalproduct. Life is easier for these people and, therefore,the folk songs of this region tend to be more lyrical, gentle and conjunct. There are many rain-evokingsongs in the Huang He area, but there are none in the Chang Jiang area because there is adequate rain for the crops. As a second geographicaspect, local customs are also importantin the formation of folk songs. For instance, in ancient times, people of the Chang Jiang were spirit worshippers. There are still many funeral songs preserved, such as beatingthe corpsesongs, piety songs, and gongs and drumsof Hell. However, in the HuangHe area,it is not the custom to sing when a man dies and funeral songs are absent (Miao 1988: 5-10). Thus, o both environmentand customs determinethe functionandcharacteristics f folk songs. The following is a summary of Han Chinese folk song d characteristicsbased upon their northern-southern ivisions. It should be This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 109 noted that most of these features apply primarily to the xiaodiao (lyric songs),one of the threetypes mentionedabove. Scales and Modes. In general, the Huang He area uses either 7-tone or 6-tone scales. The most popularmodes are the zhi (sol-re), followed in order by shang (re-la), gong (do-sol) and yu (la-mi). (See Appendix for explanation of modes. ) However, in the middle and upper basins of the Huang He area, the shang mode is particularlyfavored. The ChangJiang area,on the otherhand, most commonly uses 5-tone or 4-tone scales. The most popularmode is also the zhi, followed in orderby gong, yu, shang, and jiao. The yu mode is especially popular in Yunnan province. Melodic Progression. The melody of the Huang He area tends to be more angularthan others in shape and moves in disjunct movement. One characteristic f the intervallicemphasis,especially in the o upper Huang He basin, is the 4th-2nd-4th progression, such as gl-c2-gl. This is relatedto the accentof the dialect (Du 1983: 68). The tessituraof all folk songs of this northernarea tends to be high. Melody in the Chang Jiang areatends to be smooth and curvedin shape, and moves in relatively conjunctmotion. The consecutive use of 3rds and 5ths is frequent. When there is a skip larger than a 5th, the melody returnsimmediately in the opposite direction. For example when el jumps to c2, it turns back downwardto al, or passes throughbl to al (Jiang 1983: 77). The tessitura of the folk songs of this areatends to be in the mediumrange. Musical Form, Strophic form is common to most Han Chinese folk songs belonging to the shange and xiaodiao categories, but the use of refrain is not as prominent as in the Western world. In the Huang He area, xiaodiao usually have four phrases while shange are of two phrases. Phrases are normally of equal length. In the e four-phrasestructure, ach phraseor each half phraseis usually set to seven words. In the Chang Jiang area, both lyric songs and mountainsongs use a four-phrasestructure, gain with phrasesof equal length. In the lyric a song type, each phrase,or half phrase,is usually set to five words. In the case of the four-phrasestructure, elodies follow the typical m old sequence qi (opening), cheng (inheriting), zhuan (turning), and he (closing), which is an organizational concept borrowed from Chinese This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 110 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 literature. The qi phrase presents the first statementand the chen phrase complements it. The zhuan phrase marks a departurefrom the general movement of the previous phrases, and the he phraseconcludes the piece. This kind of structure s especially clear in the xiaodiao of the lower Chang i Jiang basin. Of course, this form is very generaland thereare exceptions. a Example 1, Xiu Hebao (Embroidering Pouch), is a love song from northern Shanxi province (Zhongguo Minge Xuan 1980: 217). It represents the northernstyle of folk song. The words are about a young girl thinking of her lover while embroidering a pouch for him. (Embroidered pouches were a popular handicraft for women in rural China. ) The scale of this piece is pentatonicand the mode is shang, dI (re) being the final. The appearanceof d2-g2 (m. 1), d2-g2 (m. 2-3), g2-d2 (m. 3), al-d2_g2-d2 (m. 5-6), and gl-c2 (m. 6-7) are clear examples of the emphases on the interval of a 4th, a typical feature of northernfolk song. Consequently, the melodic contour tends to be angular. The form is strophic in two-phrases, each phrase having four measures. There are generally five words to each half phrase, except for occasional short additions,such as at the beginningof the second phrase(m.5-6). Vocables are enclosed in parentheses. The ending notes on half phrases, d2 (m. 2) and gl (m. 6) , the half cadence of gl (m. 4), and cadence of d1 (m. 8) give the piece a solid feeling in the shangmode. Example 2, Meng Jiang Nil (The Eldest Daughter of the Jiang Family), on the other hand, shows typical features of the southern style (ZhongguoMingeXuan 1980: 155). The melody of this extremelypopular folk song is found in many parts of China, though often with different texts. The text given here is from the best-known version of Jiangsu province (lower Chang Jiang basin). The subject is a lament of the eldest daughterof the Jiang family for her husbandwho was draftedby the Qin Emperor(reigned 221-210 B. C. ) to build the GreatWall. The scale of the piece is pentatonicand the mode is zhi, the final being b (sol). The melody moves generally in a smooth contour utilizing essentially step-wise movement. Consequently,with the exception of m. 5 and m. 6, the general tendency of the melody is gently curved ratherthan angular. The form is a typical four-phrasestrophic structure,each phrase having two measures. These four phrasesfollow the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequence mentioned above. This is especially clear at the phrase This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example1 Xiu Hebao 111 (Shanxiprovince) r36 rIs ML i -s. t If ,. . .E eu3 i ~M a? ~L~. i * _k A5 I ~ R~ r # w oA M. I Zf, T t. it ME a t ge- ?18 g: ; a~i i jjM. 9 7k ,4 4t ~I )a i -) †¢ . Al. A aAl Y. Y L . + ID I*. . . 1. When the moon is high and bright,fifteenthis the day; And when the springwind blows willows will swing and sway. 2. Blossoms bloom in March,a lettercomes to me. It was from my only love, asking for a pouch made by me. 3. FirstI embroidered little boat with a sail to see. a And if he sees the sail, hell come sailing to me. 4. Then I embroidered ome love birds;they swam all over the sea. s They stayedtogetherandwere as close as could be. 5. He is young and strong;Im like a blossoming flower. And when he finds the pouch, hell come back for me. a (Text translated nd adapted y RebeccaSchwan) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 112 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 Example2 Meng Jiang Nii (Jiangsuprovince) SIr tr =I I i ~ Li7T i4 *. †¢ .. iE ,- A =. F 6. t MY Ii , * -lI* f†¢ A, 0 1- A r. -t:x A ). L : 5? .- , p r, 1 bC? il ~ †¢* wAaa o . 0 I i. ti. ?T 1 1 fF tt ff t. †¢ t†¢ i ii Bi i t†¢ †¢ n n ! # ? N g 7t i E P m * 0 at t , 5 ~ †¢4 *. 1 w †¢. a h t,o~. †¢r. /4 i t; R . OE ( †¢ 1 . momI I mEI †¢ †¢. I; :W IKE u a3R a S T,~i~r9-k ARcF. t ~ Ar T ~) f UT 5 3L; ok p * ? B ~1 iC f t , _ I ~7(†¢ * ( * r; i J+ †¢. †¢ ; 1 E , I A 4 ff~IBR * rK tAf†¢ tI†¢. a . n ai . P -A rL f e p- C _. †¢. †¢ * a. ;, PQ kfr t. . Ik †¢ †¢ a Es a a , . a it n I †¢_ i ol i 11 4 21t,†¢. . I. †¢ 1. Plum flowers at New Year bringNew Spring, Red lamps are lit at every door. Everyfamily is complete. But my own husbandhas gone to build the wall. 12. it Plum flowers again appearat eve of New Year. g Every home has abundant ood cheer. All preparefor the feast fatedpork andmutton. Meng ChiangNii all alone weeps in bitterness. (Text translated y Bliss WiantandtakenfromWiant 1947: 37). b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 113 cadences of f# (m. 2), b (m. 4), c#1 (m. 6) and b (m. 8). B (sol) and f# (re) are the most importanttones of the mode. There are twelve stanzas. Each half phraseis set to seven words. The text of each stanzabegins with the name of a month. This is a typical featureof xiaodiao, as we shall see laterin the descriptionof this genre. Classification of Folk Song by Type Most Chinese ethnomusicologists (such as Jiang 1982: passim) follow a three-fold classification system for Han Chinese folk songs; namely haozi (work songs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs). Each type may furtherbe divided into sub-types. Haozi (Work Songs) The Chinese name for this category, haozi, means crying or a shouting, n indicationof its origins in labor. The functionof this type of is to accompanywork or to relieve hardshipduringwork. Most work song songs feature strong rhythms, and for each a basic rhythmic pattern underlies the entire piece. This is true of the work songs of any people in the world. Melodic materialis ratherlimited and ostinato used frequently. Work songs are exclusively vocal and the rangeis normallywide. Texts are not organized in any established poetic form and there are numerous vocables used. Solo, unison, duet and call-and-response are typical mannersof performanceaccording to specific working conditions. There are five sub-typesof work songs: 1. Transporting Songs. This sub-type refers to songs sung by laborers who carry, drag, or push a heavy load. Due to the extreme a physical requirements ssociatedwith these activities, most of the songs are short and sung in loud voices. Example3 is the beginningof a transporting song from Hangzhouin Zhejiangprovince. It is sung by portersin the style of call (m. 1, 3, 5, ) and response (m. 2, 4, 6, ). The scale is pentatonicand the rangewithin one octave. The mode appearsto be yu (lami). 1 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. 114 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example3 UntitledTransporting ong S call (Zhejiangprovince) etc. re! LpqAQ 4 ~4? _c etc. 0 2. ConstructionSongs. This sub-type is sung when workers are building a house or road, digging a canal, gatheringstones, cutting wood, hammering a pole, etc. It requires unified rhythms because of the group action involved in working, and is also often sung in call-and-response style. The vocal range is usually wide. Example 4 is a dike-buildingsong from Hubei province sung in call (m. 1-2, 5-6) and response (m. 3-4, 7-) (Jiang 1982: 73). 2 The melody is pentatonic in the zhi mode (sol-re). Note the wide range in the first measure. The vocables are shown in parentheses. Example4 Dae Ge, Dike-buildingSong (Hubeiprovince) res ;b ~ ,-_ -, s . , t l Ii. twit o #I C),v0 IL i4.? t ( Pomegranates ai) blossom (lie) (ya wei yi a ye a ye), Leaves are green (lie ya a ye), (a ye a ye ye a ye), Leaves are green (ye a a ye). (Translated y the author) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1? Vj iC) Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 115 3. FarmingSongs. Not all farmingactivitiesrequiresinging. The sub-typereferredto here includes group-activitysongs sung while pumping water, threshing grain, etc. Since the physical burdenis lighter than that associated with previous sub-types, the songs take on a character of entertainment. In fact, some farming songs are close to the shange category. Example 5 is a water-pumping song from Jiangsu province (Jiang 1982: 76). It is in pentatonic scale, shang mode (re-la). The vocables (shown in parentheses) are more prominent than the text. The mood is light, and the entertainingnatureof the song includes the use of a percussioninterlude(m.11-12). Example5 ShuicheHaozi, Water-pumping ong s -WWI k, I.. .. . _. -P- br. . (Jiangsuprovince) (Ai ya ha ai ya ai he he ai ai ya) Xue Rengui (ya) sails the seas conquering(yo de) the East (a ai ya li he). (Translated y the author) b 4. Sailing and Fishing Songs. Sailing and fishing songs are more complicated in form and content than the above sub-types. In the sailing sub-type, working conditions change according to water currents and weather conditions; the music changes accordingly. Many songs are constructed in suite style (i. e. , multi-sectional) which are long and elaborate. Call-and-responses a frequently-used echnique. i t 5. Miscellaneous Songs. Work songs which do not belong to the above sub-typesare includedhere. They can be sung by workersin the salt This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 116 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 field, by woodcutters, and by weavers, etc. The characteristicsof their songs vary accordingto each type of work. Shange (Mountain Songs) The term shange (mountainsongs) does not mean thatthe songs are necessarily sung in the mountains. The term should be understoodto mean songs sung in an open area, which may be near a mountainor in an open field. Some shange are sung while working, but the associated physical requirementis usually minimal. Thus, they are not included in the haozi category. Examples of these work songs are herding songs and field songs. These will be mentionedlater. In general,shange are freerin rhythmand higherin pitch thanhaozi or xiaodiao. Texts are improvisedto a great extent. Vocables and falsetto a are used frequentlywhich, along with the precedingtwo characteristics, re due mostly to the outdoor environment in which they are sung. Shange may begin and end with a high and long fermata,developed from shouting to get attentionin the outdoorenvironment. The alternating tyle of singing s is a favoritemethodsince many shangeinvolve love themes sung between a man and a woman. The musical form of shange can be in two, four, or even five phrases with insertions of extra sections in the set structurebeing frequent due to its improvisednature. There are three sub-typesof shange: general, herdingand field songs. 1. General Songs. Most songs which belong to this sub-type are lyrical songs with a love subject, and are expressive of the singers thoughts. They are not related to working conditions. There are more shange in this category than the other two sub-types. General moutain songs can be found in many parts of China and are identified by different names. Those found in the Northwest and North ( i. e. , Upper and Central Huang He basin) have special names such as xintianyou (sing as you like),pashan diao (climbmountaintune),huaer (flower song);those found in the south (i. e. , Chang Jiang basin and Taiwan) are simply called shange. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions. Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 117 Example 6, Lan Huahua, is a xintianyou shange from the northern of Shaanxiprovinceand is one of the most famous of northern hinese C part songs. The text mentions the unhappy marriage arrangements of the peasant girl, Lan Huahua,in ruralChina. The melody is pentatonic,in the yu mode and the structureis in two phrases, both ending on gl (la). The high cry in the beginning, notated as a high-pitched fermatain m. 2, is a typical feature of the shange. The tessitura is generally high and the direction of the melody at the end moves from high to low. This song is lyrical in nature,with a rhythmthat is freer, when sung, than the notation indicates (ZhongguoMinge Xuan 1980: 168). Example 7, Ge Youmai (Wheat Cutting), is a shange from Shaanxi province in northernChina. This is a good example of the use of insertions in shange. In its original form, it is a simple two-phrasepiece, with each phrasehaving four measures(7-a). Due to the insertions(7-b, m. 3-4, 8-11)and slight alterations(7-b, m. 2, 13), it is expandedinto a longer piece, but is still in two phrases (Jiang 1982: 128-129). The piece is pentatonic in zhi mode. Its generally high tessitura, conjunct melodic movement, and emphasison the intervalof a 4th (7-b, m. 1, 7) are typical of the northernstyle. The fermatain m. 1 is also a featureof the shange, and the entire piece has several others as well. There are suggestions of a love theme in the text. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 118 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example6 Lan Huahua (Shaanxiprovince) _ F- 1 F. a l * . Ti !; i !. _ E~ 7E* 1 1 rF s f, IA in,* J o 1f1 A 7ft . 1, I .. N;. .. 5. f *E T op/ . iv . T t x m. †¢ 1 1-1 i 4v IT I X. AI a A I E T1 4. IT La t +Ix *. * *m , m †¢ ji 8 114 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ , ! †¢ 1In 1f f , LI . r.. q I. 00 _i __ MR -MI , PSI $ 1. Threadsof black and threadsof blue, bluerthanthe sky. Sewed for baby Lan Huahua,apple of her motherseye. 2. Shooting up like the sorghumtall, beautybringsher fame. In every village in the land, everybodyknows her name. 3. New Year broughtthe matchmaker, ixed the bridegrooms f price. After the paymentsmade in March,in April shellbecome his wife. 4. Wedding music fills the air, drumsand whistles sound. She is tornfrom her own truelove andcarriedto the Zhou compound. (English text from Mai 1984: 19-20, first four verses) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs Example7 Ge Youmai 119 (Shanxiprovince) 7-a IF I r AZK r I3 W I / ((I*I 41 IU~p r a I 1117RR I .16 v ~U~114 7. i r I a (-Ia. I ) *2I. II~ 7-a Brotheris cuttingwheatin the mountain. Sister is digging herbmedicine in the swamp. 7-b Brotheris up in the mountain(si lo) (si lo) cuttingwheat. Little sisteris in the swamp,in the ditch, at the divergingroad (ge beng) (ge beng) digging the herbmedicine (a mo) beloved. (Translated y the author) b 2. Herding Songs. Herding songs are sung mainly by boys in the field. Some include passages which call the herds, while working others are sung in question-answerstyle between two boys. Most herding songs are simple and free in structure. In fact, some are very simple childrens songs. 3. Field Songs. Songs which belong to this sub-type are sung in the rice fields while plantingseeds, tilling soil, etc. , to promote enthusiasm andrelease tension. It is said thatat one time specializedtroupeswere hired to sing in the fields (Jiang 1982: 162). However, since these songs are not. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 120 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 restrictedby working conditions and are somewhat entertainingin nature, they are not considered to be haozi; and some fit more closely into the xiaodiao category. Field songs are sung in a high voice, often with falsetto. The melodies tend to be long and the rhythmsfree, which are typical featuresof shange. However, the natureof the field songs is more complex because they are sung in call-and-responsewith ostinato, which are features of the haozi. As Jiang Mingdun states, field songs are basedon the shange but mixed with elements of haozi and xiaodiao( 1982: 164). Xiaodiao (Lyric Songs) Xiaodiao (or xiaoqu ) means little tune. There is no acccurate translationfor this term, though it can be translatedas popular song, folk tune, folk song, lyric song, folk melody, etc. (Witzleben 1988: 11. ). Comparedto the above-mentionedgenres, the melody of xiaodiao is more r lyrical, the rhythmmore static,and the formalstructure elativelyclear. The text is not improvised as it is in the haozi or shange, and vocables, if used, i areintegrated nto the text. One source (Sung 1979: 201-245) divides xiaodiao into the following sub-types: lyric songs, humorous songs, childrens songs and customs songs, (i. e. , songs sung at weddings, funerals, etc. ). However, since this paper follows the outline of Jiang Mingduns book, his subdivision system is used. 1. Narrative Songs. The Chinese name for this sub-type, means narrative inging tune. This group includes songs yinchang diao, s that are somewhatfunctionalin nature. The generalorientationis narrative as opposed to lyrical ( i. e. , closer to the spoken language), and their structures are also comparatively less complex. Examples include childrens songs, lullabies, funeral songs, recitation of poems, vendors songs and customs songs, etc. 3 The Chinese term of this sub-type, yaoqu is 2. Little Songs. difficult to translate. Yaoalone means song;however, the translation here simply denotes its short length and simple structure. These are songs sung in daily life, but they are not as directly associated with specific This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 121 functions as are the narrative ongs. Phrasesare more balancedin structure s but are nevertheless short. The vocal range is narrow and the rhythm simple. Examples include laborers songs, womens laments, gameplaying songs, and even some love songs. Love songs, however, are usually assigned to the popularsong sub-typediscussed below. 3. PopularSongs. The Chinese term shidiao can be translatedas seasontune. Althoughthe translationpopular ongmay mislead people s to associate these songs with currentpop songs, it nevertheless denotes a sense of popularityamongpeople, and is useful. Songs of this sub-typeare a sung mainly for entertainment t home, in teahouses, in cities, and in rural areas. The singers may be either amateursor professionals. All of the songs discussed until this point are sung by their creators. The popular song sub-type, on the other hand, is generally sung by entertainers. Instrumentalaccompanimentis added to these songs in most cases. Folk songs of this type are clearly the most numerous. Most of the folk songs known to the people of China (and throughoutthe world) belong to this sub-type. They are, in fact, considered to be at the heart of Han Chinese folk songs. The musical form of most popular songs follows the two or four equal phrase structure. In the case of the four-phrase structure,the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequenceis followed. Generally,each phraseis set to seven words, excluding vocables. Many popularsong texts are organized in sets of four, five or twelve stanzasin orderto representthe four seasons, five evening hour markings and the twelve months, respectively. Each stanza of text begins with a season, an hour marking,or a month. Due to the wide popularity of these songs, the same melody sometimes has different texts, and the same title may have differentmelodies. Two good examples of this sub-type have been presented above as examples of the northernand southernstyles Xiu Hebao (Example 1), and Meng Jiang Nii (Example 2). This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 122 LiuyueMoli Example8 (Taiwan) k, A s i wIo 5 65 i 2†¢3 5. 6, . O T ii E TET ttft ktf k li A 1 i 5 61 I I I 2 I 3 / 2161 6I I , 6 †¢i I 5 .23253-. 76i5-. iPM I 4 -4 T A AA AC 4 r t/JP) ~ -A aK, Ifr. O A t f P-ai 04 9) v QA A 04 0 oqw 04) HF If) f b a) ? 1F A A -9x ~ 4-: A A Ai -. g~qjg*~ P e~ f 1. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth moon arefair, And theresa young lad whos noble and fine. Lovely flowers rarelyever grow all alone; Fair lonely lass can be sad, so sad. 2. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lovely lass has never been found. Flowers andlasses shouldnever be alone; Sad is the lovely lass whos never, never found. 3. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lasses alone are sorryand sad. Lovely flowers should be blooming side by side, When will the lass be found andnever be alone? a (Firstthreeverses translated nd adaptedby Rebecca Schwan. ) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 123 Example 8, LiuyueMoli (JasmineFlowers in the Sixth Moon)is anothergood example of a popularsong. This piece is from Taiwan and is in the southern style (Jian 1984: 50). The text speaks of a girl who compares herself to pretty jasmine flowers, and longs for a lover. The sixth moon refers to the sixth month of the lunar calendar. With the exception of a leap of a 6th (m. 2-3), the melody moves smoothly in conjunct movement with many intervalsof a 3rd. It is in pentatonicscale, zhi mode, the final being gl (sol). The form is in four equal phrases,each having four measures,and it fits the qi, cheng, zhuan,he sequence. The el (mi) pitch at the end of the thirdphraseis tonally far away from gl (sol) at the very end hence, its functionis zhuan(turning). he ending pitch of T the first phrase, d2 (re), on the other hand, is closely related to gl (sol). There are seven words in each half phrase, with some vocables at the end (shown in parentheses). Conclusion We have observed the possibility of seeing Han Chinese folk songs in terms of north-south divisions. From this perspective, it seems that geographicalfactors have influenced the characteristicsof folk songs. We have also seen the classification of folk songs by type, involving three majorcategories and their sub-types. It is importantto note thatwhile folk songs such as the xiaodiao (lyric songs) are encountered frequently in China, there are also haozi (work songs) and shange (mountain songs) which are relatively unknown outside of China. It is hoped that this introductionwill lead to more thoroughinvestigationsof this subjectin the Westernworld. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 124 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Notes 1 This song was transcribed y the authorfrom the recording, Behind b the GreatWall (MonitorRecordsMP 525), Side A, Band 2. The cut fades out graduallywithout a final pitch. It is only assumed to be in the yu mode from the general melodic movement. The same recordingfeatures several good work song examples and an excellent example of the sailing song subtype. 2 m Due to difficultiesin reproduction, usicalexamples takenfrom Jiang Mingdunsbook are recopied by the author. It seems contradictoryto include non-lyrical and functional songs here, but the author follows Jiangs theory. The same contradictory situationexists in the next sub-type. 3 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang: Han Folk Songs 125 Appendix: Scales and Modes of Han Chinese Music The Chinese names for pitches, scales and modes are summarized here accordingto the system establishedby Li Yinghai (1981: 11). Since he discusses only pentatonic scales, other scales will be omitted. Pitches denote relative ratherthan absolute values. The first note of each series is the name of the mode. Gong Gong Shang JiaoZhi Yu Gong Shang JiaoZhi n Shang n Jiao A -n vu1 U Q This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 20:21:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Yu 1 AsianMusic,Spring/Summer 989 126 Glossary of Selected Terms ChangJiang l pashandiao fR Lbi †¢ , qi cheng u GeYoumai shang gong shange Han shidiao haozi , he huaer xiaodiao T- j xiaoqu iU ~ xintianyou HuangHe XiuHebao jiao yaoqu LanHuahua yinchangdiao t7 , †¢ M Liuyue oli MengJiangNii # j t I~0 yu zhi zhuan Authors Names Du Yaxiong MiaoJing Jia.

Capital Budgeing Case Study Essay Example for Free

Capital Budgeing Case Study Essay There are at least six capital budgeting tools a firm can use in analyzing a capital expenditure. They are: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period (PB), discounted payback period (DRP), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR). This case study will focus mainly on NPV and IRR, in addition to the remaining four capital budgeting tools. Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV of an investment proposal for a project is the same as the† present value of its annual free cash flows less the investment’s initial outlay† (Keown, Martin Petty, p. 310, 2014). Before calculating the NPV you must first forecast the projected revenue for the life of the project to obtain the net cash flow figures. This involves accountants and analysts crunching numbers based on many factors such as the economy, supply and demand, competition, and how the company plans on carrying out the project (University of Phoenix, 2013). NPV looks at the present value of the benefits minus the present value of the costs. You also need a discount rate; it is normally the cost of capital. The cost of capital is used because a firm wants the project to at a minimum make more than what capital is now costing the firm to run its business. The rule for NPV is if the value is greater than or equal to zero the project is accepted (Keown, Martin Petty, p. 310, 2014). After completing a five year projected income statement and a five year projected cash flow from the capital budgeting case study for corporation A and B, this information was used to calculate the NPV for each corporation. Corporation A’s NPV= $2,025 and B’s is NPV= $3,293. Both NPV’s are equal or greater than zero so both projects are a go, but corporation B has a greater NPV, making it a better choice if based on NPV alone (University of Phoenix, 2013). Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

The History Of Indra And Purusha Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Indra And Purusha Theology Religion Essay The Indo- Aryan society believed in many gods. The Aryans believed that many natural events were being influenced by their gods. These people also seemed to follow some laws or code of conduct to keep order in their society. They also had a caste system. The early Aryans did not use writing but they composed plenty of poem, hymns, and songs that gave site into their religion and literacy. Everything was transmitted orally from one generation to the next. They communicated through a sacred language known as Sanskrit. The earliest of those transmissions where the four Vedas, which were named the Rig Veda. The Aryans told stories of how their deities helped their people with the problems that came upon the society. Most of the songs in The Rig Veda are dedications to the deities and their greatness. Indra was the most important of the Vedic gods. Indra was the Aryans chief deity. It is said that Indra eats Soma to hallucinate and gains victory over the dragon. This dragon that they talk about is the dragon of drought that is a plague for their people. The Aryans are a farming group of people, and the need for water is a very high necessity. Indra defeats the dragon, and then lets the waters flow free, which tell us that the clouds that were described as the dragon opened up and poured on the land. After the defeat of the dragon Indra was considered the ruling god over all in the Aryan nation. Some people were starting to lose faith in Indra and that he needed to be reinforced as the supreme ruling god. Many events that happened to the Aryan people were said to be because of his intervention in the world. This passage tells us that there was some unrest about if Indra really was doing well for the people. Some people are discontent with their deity and are losing the faith, but people see him he is mighty as a bull and he was the one whom let rivers flow so that the people could flourish. He strikes down his enemies and the enemies of the people such as Rauhina. Aryans relied on the gods to answer the unknowns in nature. The sun, the moon, the rain, the wind, the animals, and even the seasons were determined by Indra. These people were afraid of their god. They offered sacrifices to help appease the god so that he would not punish them with natural disasters. We can tell that the people of the time were either really religious or doubting; this passage on the victory over Vritra was made for those doubting people by the religious people who feared Indras displeasure with the doubters. This knowledge of wrong doing seems to give us some insight into moral codes and public laws. These people feared the god and believed that they could anger those gods, so they must have followed some kind of public code of conduct. Purusha was said to compose everything in the world. He makes everything that we see and use, he is everywhere at every moment. Purusha is held in high regard by these people and is considered the creator of everything and is also considered to be in everything in the natural world. During the Vedic age the Aryans were in battling the enemies or dasas, but not only outsiders but they fought themselves. They didnt have a common government but chiefdoms with each a leader known as a raja or king. The men from one village often raided herds from another. After migrating south the Aryans learned how to make iron tools and weapons. Now having these iron tools this made cultivating easier which in hand make a large growth in agriculture. This allowed the Aryans to settle into a permanent community instead of always migrating from place to place. From my readings I can see that the Aryan people had many gods and beliefs; they had common laws that were followed in practice and also had a caste system of their people. As time passed the memory of Indra receded into almost nothing the Aryans use the battle as inspiration to build a great society. But then they migrated they connected with the Dravidians and from being enemies to becoming one. Their combined legacies led to the development of a distinctive and rich cultural society. Early Aryans practiced a limited amount of agriculture, but they depended a lot on a pastoral economy. They prized their horses and herds of cattle. The Aryans adopted Dravidian agricultural techniques. They used a formal political institution. After settling in India the Aryans changed from relying on herding to relying on political structure and they produced a well-defined social hierarchy. This social distinction was based on ones occupation and role in society. This was known as a caste system. The Aryans used the term Varna to describe the major social classes more on agriculture. The Rig Veda shows us that the early Aryan civilization had a caste system comprised of the Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra. If we consider where each of these groups is on Purusha we can look into how important people believed they really were. The Brahmin held the top position on the caste system, they were priests. Kshatriyas were nobles and aristocrats. Vaishyas were the cultivators, artisans, and merchants. Shudras were the land peasants and serfs. In the end of the Vedic Age a new category was added and those people would become the untouchables, the ones who performed dirty and unpleasant tasks. These four castes were said to b e the four body parts of the Aryan deity Purusha. This was a fixed system to maintain Aryans high power. Under these four main levels there were 3,000 sub castes known as Jati. Each individual had darma or a responsibility and if you do right your get good karma. Ones goal is to reach mulksha which is the release or liberation from the caste system. While building a social hierarchy on the foundations of caste and varna distinctions, the Aryans also created a strongly patriarchal social order based on gender. Within the Aryan society Indian men dominated. Anyone would was important was male. The Law book of Manu dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships, including sex and gender relationships. This was created to advise men to treat women with respect and honor. This book also specified the duties of the women. One custom one the Indian society was Sati. Sati was the practice of the voluntary action when the widow threw herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband, these never became popular. The combination of the Dravidian and Aryan society gave light to the Upanishads. The Upanishads were the practices of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues (Tradition and Encounters 81). The Upanishads taught that the body and soul are separate, that each person is a small are of a huge soul called Brahman. They also believe that we are not only born once but many times over again. The goal of ones soul is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth. The Upanishads created multiple doctrines and one of the main ones were of samara. Samara is a place after death where souls go to the World of Fathers and return to earth reborn. By the end of the Vedic age the Aryan and Dravidian traditions became the ground work for the Indian society. Agriculture spread thought out India. The caste system helped maintain public order. The role of human beings and their religious views sparked further reflection on spiritual and intellectual matters.

The Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

Unique in style and content, the novel explores the emotions of a young Civil War recruit named Henry Fleming. What is most remarkable about this classic is that the twenty-four-year-old author had never witnessed war in his life before writing this book. Crane's story developed to some degree out of his reading of war stories by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and the popular memoirs of Civil War veterans, yet he also deviated from these influences in his depiction of war's horror. Critics have noted that his portrait of war is an intensely psychological one, blending elements of naturalism, impressionism, and symbolism. Indeed, he broke away from his American realist contemporaries, including his mentor William Dean Howells, in his naturalistic treatment of man as an amoral creature in a deterministic world. For this reason, critical reactions to the The Red Badge of Courage in 1895 were mixed: some disapproved of Crane's use of the vernacularà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the common slang of everyday folk and soldiersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and the impressionistic technique. Crane also experimented with psychological realism, and his venture into the realm of the human psyche radically changed the common perception of the novel in America. As he faces combat for the first time, Henry experiences an intense array of emotions: courage, anxiety, self-confidence, fear, and egotistic zeal. Interestingly enough, the naturalistic flavor of the work operates against this serf-important ego. The individual is not of primary importance, as is evidenced time and again in the words of Henry's mother, fellow soldiers, and officers. Henry is often referred to quite impersonally as "the youth." The men, untried and untested, are treated like scared animals against the backdrop of inimitable Nature and War. Cra ne also used color imagery, both vibrant and subtle, to describe war. He describes a skirmish as sounding like a "crimson roar," for example, and writes of war as "the red animal." Crane's sense of color pervades the work; note his description of the sky, which remains "fairy blue" during the day, as if to underscore the indifference of nature to the carnage taking place.

Sacred Scripture :: essays research papers

The term 'Scripture' refers to the sacred writing of the Old and New Testament. Sacred Scripture are the books which 'contain the truth of God?s revelation and were composed by human authors inspired by the Holy Spirit' (CCC 105). Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament. The words of the Sacred Scriptures, 'for their part proclaim the works and bring light to the mystery they contain'. The term 'Tradition' refers to the living transmission of the Gospel in the Church. ?The oral preaching of the Apostles, and the written message of salvation under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, are conserved and handed on as a deposit of faith through the apostolic succession in the Church? (CCC 77-78). Sacred or apostolic tradition consists of the teachings that the apostles passed on orally through their preaching. These teachings overlap with those contained in Scripture, but the mode of their transmission is different. However, Tradition generally refers to Christian teachings and practices outside of the Bible that are handed down from generation to generation. Sacred Scripture and Tradition consist of similar teachings, but these teachings are transmitted in different ways, Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) while, Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit (CCC 81) Scripture and Tradition are related in Catholic Theology. They are connected to one another, ?Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single deposit of the Word of God? (CCC 97). ?Both the living Tradition and the written Scripture have their common source in the revelation of God in Jesus Christ? (CCC 75-82). Catholics view Scripture and Tradition as two sources of revelation. Revelation is the way in which God reveals his divine plan to all mankind, it is ?God?s communication of himself, by which he makes known the mystery of his divine plan? (CCC 50). God reveals himself through Sacred Scripture and Catholic Tradition. God revealed himself most fully through the Son (The Word), Jesus Christ, and there will be no further Revelation after him. However, through Scripture and Tradition, the mystery of God has been passed down through the ages.

Coaxial Cable :: Networks Telecommunications

Introduction Coaxial cable: is an electrical cable consisting of a round conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, usually surrounded by a final insulating layer. It is used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Sometimes DC power (called bias) is added to the signal to supply the equipment at the other end, as in direct broadcast satellite receivers. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields. Coaxial cables may be rigid or flexible. Rigid types have a solid sheath, while flexible types have a braided sheath, both usually of thin copper wire. The inner insulator, also called the dielectric, has a significant effect on the cable's properties, such as its characteristic impedance and its attenuation. The dielectric may be solid or perforated with air spaces. Connections to the ends of coaxial cables are usually made with RF connectors. Radio-grade flexible coaxial cable. A: outer plastic sheath B: copper screen C: inner dielectric insulator D: copper core There are two types of coaxial cables: 1. Thinnet 2. Thicknet Thinnet Also known as "Thin Ethernet" or Thinnet, 10BASE-2 is an IEEE standard for baseband Ethernet at 10MBps over thick coaxial cable. 10Base2 has a maximum distance of 185 meters. Thin Ethernet is five millimeters in diameter and used to connect machines up to 1,000 feet apart. Thinnet (thin Ethernet) is an incarnation of the Ethernet standard in which coaxial cables are used in a LAN (local-area network) configuration to connect computers together. A Thinnet setup is capable of transmitting data at a rate of 10Mbps (megabits per second). It is also cheaper and easier to install than Thicknet. The first variation on the original variety of Ethernet was simply to use a thinner coaxial cable and relax the constraints on how and where transceivers can connect. 10BASE-2 does this with coaxial cable that looks just like the cable used for receiving cable television or hooking up a television set to an antenna. The only difference in the cable itself is the impedance rating. A television cable is rated at 75 ohms and a 10BASE-2 cable is rated at 50 ohms. In a pinch, a small length of one can be substituted for the other. The connectors used in 10BASE-2 are called BNC connectors for Berkeley Nucleonics Co.: they were originally used in nuclear physics.

According to Kennewick Man in his article

IntroductionAccording to Kennewick Man in his article that â€Å"for NAGPRA and other related legal purposes, the federal government defines native Americans as any tribe, people, or culture that resided in the territory of the United States before historic European contact and exploration. At present, there are more than 2,000,000 Native Americans in the United States, represented by 769 federally recognized tribes† (See K. Man, â€Å"Who are Native Americans?† Past concepts of Native Americans).In Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia stated that â€Å"the term indigenous people of the America encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the first European explorers in the late 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical people (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).On the other hand, the National Museums Liverpool published in its website that â€Å"the people of West Africa had a rich and varied history and culture long before the Europeans slavers arrived. They had a wide variety of political arrangements which include kingdoms, city and other organizations, each with their own languages and culture† (See â€Å"Africa before European slavery†. National Museums Liverpool).Native Americans*Culture*Even though cultural features included language, garb, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are shared by many of the indigenous people of the America (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).*Music and Art*Native America music of North America Indians is almost entirely monophonic but there not notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often includes drumming but little other instrumentation, although flutes are played by individuals. While the art of the indigenous people of Central Mexico and Central Americas comprises a major category in the world art collection. Their contributions are pottery, paintings, jewelry, weavings, sculptures, basketry, and carvings (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).*European Colonization*In wikipedia, its researched stated that â€Å"the European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the indigenous peoples of the continent. In 15th century up to 19th century, their populations were ravaged by the privations of displacement, by disease and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first indigenous group that was met by Columbus was about 250,000 in number which were the Arawaks of Hispaniola and this group was enslaved by them.These European people also brought illnesses against which the indigenous people of America had no immunity† (See â€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).   According to David Ruvolo that â€Å"the history of America religion is dominated by the presence of Christianity brought to the New World by European settlers. Time had run out for the indigenous race that populated the continent of North America. Native Americans were faced with an enemy that was more advanced like with the Israelites of the sixth century B.C.E.† (See D. Ruvolo, â€Å"A Summary of Native American Religious†).*Africa before the European slavery*According to Olaudah Equiano on his autobiography which he wrote in 1789 stated that â€Å"the part of Africa which was known by the name Guinea to which the trade is carried on extends along the coast above 3,400 miles from Senegal to Angola and includes a variety of kingdoms. This kingdom is divided into many provinces or distinct. In one of the most remote and fertile of which is called Eboe. Equiano was born in 1745, in charming fruitful vale named essaka. The distance of the province fr om capital of Benin and the sea coast must be very considerable, for Eboe Equiano had never heard about the white men or Europeans† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum).*Agriculture*As Equiano stated that their â€Å"land was uncommonly rich and fruitful, and produces all kinds of vegetables in abundance. All industries were exerted to improve those blessings of nature. Agriculture was their chief employment, and everyone even the children and women were engaged in it† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum).*Clothing*He continued, Equiano, which â€Å"their manners were simple and their luxuries were few. The dress of both sexes was nearly the same. It generally consists of a long piece of calico or Muslin, wrapped loosely around the body, somewhat in the form of a highland plaid. This was usually dyed blue, which their favorite color. It was extracted from a berry and was brighter and richer than any he had seen in Europe.Their women, of distinction wore golden ornaments which disposed with profusion on their arms and legs. When their women were not employed with the men in tillage, their usual occupation was spinning and weaving cotton, which they afterwards dye and made into garments. They also manufacture earthen vessels of which they had many kinds† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum).*Dance and Music*  Moreover, Equiano added that â€Å"they were almost a nation of dancers, musicians and poet. In every great event such as a triumphant return from battle or other cause of public rejoicing,   was celebrated in public dances which were accompanied with songs and music which was suited to the occasion† (See O. Equiano. â€Å"Early Life†. Merseyside maritime museum).*After the Europeans*West Africans had traded with Europeans through merchants in North Africa for centuries. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were the firs t traders who sailed down the West African coast. After that, the Dutch, British, French and Scandinavians followed. They were mainly interested in precious items such as ivory, gold, and spices, in particular the pepper (See â€Å"Africa before European slavery†. National Museums Liverpool).Referencesâ€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_AmericasRuvolo, D. â€Å"A Summary of Native American Religious†. http://are.as.wvu.edu/ruvolo.htmâ€Å"Indigenous Peoples of the Americas†. From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.